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26ACTIVE VOCABULARYRead and learn the following words:
15. gum десна STRUCTURE OF TEETHEvery tooth consists of a crown, a neck and one or more roots. The crown is the part visible in the mouth and the root is the part hidden inside the jaw. The junction of crown and root is called the neck and end of the root is called the apex. Every tooth is composed of enamel, dentine, cementum and pulp. Enamel is the outer covering of the crown and is the hardest substance in the body. Cementum is the outer covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone. Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the tooth. 27 Dentine occupies the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain. Pulp. Unlike enamel, dentine and cementum, the pulp is purely soft tissue. It contains blood vessels and nerves, and occupies the centre of the dentine. Supporting Structures. Every tooth is insert into the jaw by its root. The part of the jaw containing the teeth is known as the alveolar process and is covered with a soft tissue called gum. The jaw bones consist of a dense outer layer known as compact bone and a softer interior called spongy bone. A tooth is attached to its socket in the jaw by a soft fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane. NOTES
EXERCISES EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:
28 EXERCISE 2 Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
EXERCISE 4 Вставьте артикли, где это необходимо:
EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги или наречия:
EXERCISE 6. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам в ответах:
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:
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EXERCISE 8. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту « Structure of teeth». EXERCISE9. Приготовьте пересказ текста « Structure of teeth». 31 ACTIVE VOCABULARY Read and learn the following words:
27. minor малый 28. biopsy биопсия 29. specimen образец 30. swab мазок 31. smear мазок 32 PATHOLOGY Pathology is the study of disease. It covers the changes in normal anatomy and physiology brought about by disease and the body’s reaction to it. Any shallow breach of the skin or mucous membrane is called an ulcer. The raw base of an ulcer often has a painful bleeding surface. A cyst is an abnormal sac of fluid. Cysts are usually small and localized and can occur in soft tissues or bone anywhere in the body. A tumor is a swelling caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of body cells. It serves no useful purpose and may cause displacement or destruction of adjacent structures. Some types of tumor can spread throughout the body causing severe, and often fatal, destructive effects. This condition is commonly known as cancer. Congenital defects are defects, which are present at birth, such as heart and valvular defects, cleft palate or other deformities. The cause or nature of an ulcer or tumor cannot always be determined by physical or X – ray examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis often necessitates surgical removal of some diseased tissue for examination under a microscope. This minor operation is called a biopsy. The biopsy specimen is sent to a hospital pathology department. The diagnosis of infections often requires bacteriological examination of a swab or smear from an infected surface. Other types of disease are commonly diagnosed by blood and urine tests. NOTES
33 EXERCISES EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте следующие предложения из текста:
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EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
EXERCISE 4. Закончите предложения:
35 EXERCISE 5 .Составьте предложения из разбросанных слов:
EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
EXERCISE 7. Диалог. Составьте по 5 вопросительных предложений по тексту “Pathology”. EXERCISE 8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Pathology”. TEXT B Sometimes a normal immune response does not occur. Instead, a violent reaction called allergy is produced. This can cause sudden death but usually involves 36 consequences of varying degrees of seriousness, ranging from skin rashes or mouth ulcers to partial obstruction of the airway. Sensitivity to certain types of pollen, food, stings, latex products and drugs can produce an allergic reaction. A much more serious type of allergy which could be happen in practice is that affecting patients sensitive to penicillin and its derivatives. If one these drugs were given to such patients, the above – mentioned reactions could occur – the worst effect of all being the rapid onset of a severe state of collapse which may be fatal. This is called anaphylactic shock. The patients most at risk of allergic responses are those with a history of asthma, eczema and hay fever. 37 ACTIVE VOCABULARY Read and learn the following words:
17. beforehand заранее 18. order заказывать DRUGS The metric system is used exclusively when ordering and prescribing drugs. The metric unit of weight is the gram (g) and this is divided into thousandths called milligrams (mg). The unit of volume is the liter (l) which is subdivided into thousandths called milliliters (ml). A liter is equivalent to just under two pints. The standard medicine teaspoon holds 5 ml. 38 Various reference books are available to help practitioners keep up to date with new drugs, the trade names of drugs, dosages and precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also legally required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details of usage. Drugs may be administered externally or internally. Drugs are classified into groups which have a specific action, such as antibacterial drugs, which are used for the treatment of infections, or local anesthetics, which abolish pain. Some drugs belong to more than one group. For example, lignocaine, which is local and surface anesthetic. Let's take antibacterial drugs as an example. They are administered internally to kill bacteria. Antibiotics are drugs originally derived from microorganisms: for example, penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Many people are allergic to penicillin and its derivatives. If such people are given any of these drugs they are liable to develop a dangerous reaction. Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are allergic to penicillin or any other drugs. There are strict legal requirements for the purchase, storage, use, identification, dispensing and prescription of drugs. Many drugs are poisonous if taken accidentally or in excess; others caustic and may cause painful burns. Some common sense precautions in storing drugs are to keep them well away from food and drinks; keep poisons locked up in a special poisons cabinet; and to keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage cannot affect the eyes or burn the face. Stocks of drugs must be stored in accordance with manufacturers' instructions and not kept beyond their expiry date. Records of their purchase, supply and expiry date must be kept for at least 11 years. Any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be discarded, together with any solutions which have become discolored or cloudy. Certain drugs, such as adrenaline, halothane and hydrogen peroxide must be stored in dark bottles to prevent premature 39 deterioration, while poisons bottles are ribbed to indicate by touch that their contents are dangerous. NOTES
EXERCISES EXERCISE 1.Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетания:
40 EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs? 2. What is the metric unit of weight? 3. What units of volume do you know? 4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners? 5. Who are legally required to provide full details of new drugs usage? 6. How are drugs administered? 7. What groups are drugs classified into? 8. Do drugs belong only to one group? 9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs? 10.What are antibiotics originally derived from? 11. What reaction can develop if the people are allergic to some drugs? EXERCISE 4. Вставить артикль, где это необходимо: When drugs are administered to some patients … severe adverse reaction, such as collapse, may occur. This may be caused by … allergy 41 to … drug administered, e.g. penicillin, or interaction with another drug which … patient is already taking for medical reasons. To prevent these undesirable effects … careful study of a case history must always be made before any drugs are used. If it is found that … drug allergy exists, or … patient is taking drugs prescribed by … doctor, or taking nonprescription drugs for self – medication this information must be recorded on … patient’s chart, regularly up – dated and … appropriate precautions taken. EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги там, где это необходимо: Analgesics are drugs administered internally or externally … the relief of pain. Most pain is caused … inflammation and the most effective drugs … relief of pain are accordingly those that combine analgesic and anti – inflammatory effects. However, the anti – inflammatory drugs mentioned above are all corticosteroids, and these cannot be taken internally … the treatment. Nonsteroidal anti – inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used instead and those that have analgesic properties may be taken internally … pain. EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
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EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Составьте 10 вопросов по тексту “Drugs”. EXERCISE 8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Drugs”. ACTIVE VOCABULARYRead and learn the following words:
43 HEARTThe heart is simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known are known as veins. The heart pumps blood round the body about 70 times a minute in adults. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known place where this occurs is at the wrist. The heart lies in the chest immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two chambers, left and right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart. Heart failure, or cardiac arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of course, means that no blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again. NOTES
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EXERCISES EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:
EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
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EXERCISE 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму.
EXERCISE 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
EXERCISE 5. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:
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EXERCISE 6. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Heart”. EXERCISE 7. Перескажите текст “Heart”. |
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