Учреждения высшего образования
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SPORTS IN OUR LIFE People all over the world are fond of sports and games. Sport makes people healthy, keep them fit, more organized and better disciplined. The most popular sports are field-and-track athletics, football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing and skating. There are a lot of stadiums, sport clubs and sport grounds in our country. In every school pupils spend much time going info sports. First of all they have their physical training lessons. And after the school is over they may train they may train at different sport clubs and sections. From time to time every school organizes competitions in different kinds of sport. The most popular kinds of sport in our school were football, basketball and gymnastics. Some boys were also fond of boxing. In winter we spent much time outdoors, skiing and skating. Boys liked to play hockey. In summer we like swimming most of all, because it makes a man healthy and strong. The national British sports are: football, golf, cricket, lawn tennis, darts and racing. The most popular sport in Britain is football. English people like cricket. It is played in schools, colleges, universities, in most towns and villages. Test matches with other countries are held regularly. Did you see a game last night? Spectator sports in America are an obsession. Many people attend sporting events, listen to sports on the radio, and watch games on television. People of every age, race and class buy sports magazines; the most widely sold is Sports Illustrated. Almost every major newspaper has a sports section. Sports are often a topic of conversation. People talk about game scores, what happened during the game; or predictions about the strategy and success of specific teams and players. Children are encouraged to participate in sports at an early age. There’re children’s baseball, soccer, football, and basketball teams in almost every community. The rivalry between high schools and colleges in sporting events goes right through the school year from football in September to track and field in June. Cheerleaders and bands lead the supporters in rooting for their home team. Sports are important in college. Students who show talent in a sport like tennis, track and field, swimming, football, or basketball can apply for sports scholarships. College football still attracts big crowds today. The best college players are selected by professional teams. Ex.1. Put one of the following words in each space in the sentence below. on for of at in between 1. Which team does she play …? 2. She put … her tracksuit. 3. There’s an exciting race taking place … the track. 4. I’m not very good … running. 5. She’s the best player … the team. 6. There was a crowd … 50,000 … the stadium. 7. The result … the football match was a 2:2 draw. 8. The match was … Brazil and Argentina. 9. A runner-up comes second … a race of competition. Ex.2. Complete the text with one of the following words. draw track suits captains match referee amateurs team toss a coin players crowd gymnasium train I play football for my local … 1 against other sides in the area. Of course the … 2 aren’t paid, we’re just … 3. But anyway we … 4 very hard in the evenings and we’re lucky because we can use the …5 of a local school. On the day of the …6 we arrive early, change, and put on … 7 to keep warm. Then the … 8 , dressed in black, calls the two …9 to the center to …10 to decide who will play in which direction. Not many people come to watch the game. We usually have a … 11 of only one or two hundred. But we enjoy it, whether we win, lose or … 12. Ex.3. Translate the following dialog and dramatize it.
- We have a kind of business-club there. There are very important people in it and some of them are my partners and clients. If only you could see our bicycles and helmets! Leather and chrome! Latest models!
Литература:
ENGLISH MEALS The English usually have 4 meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea (5 o’clock) and dinner. Breakfast can be a full «English breakfast» of cornflakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Some people, however, have just a cup of tea or coffee with a toast or something similar. This is usually called a “continental breakfast”. At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of people on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory workers usually eat in their canteens. The English like what they call “good plain food”. They must be able to recognize what they are eating. Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding and fish and chips. Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o’clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and cake or biscuits. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion. Friends and visitors are often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea. Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 7 o’clock. The first course may be soup (though the English don’t like it very much). The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables. The next course will be something sweet and often cooked, such as fruit pie. Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits. It is common knowledge that the English are very fond of tea. They like to have “a nice cup of tea” 6 or 8 times a day, sometimes even more. On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by Christmas pudding. Long before Christmas housewives begin to plan what cake to make for Christmas. Usually they make fantastic Christmas cakes. VOCABULARY: Christmas Day [‘krisməs ,dei] РождествоХристово (25 декабря) Cornflakes ['kɔːnfleɪks] корнфлекс, кукурузныехлопья bacon and eggs ['beɪk(ə)n] яичницасбеконом toast [təust] хлеб, нарезанный ломтиками и подрумяненный в тостере или на огне marmalade ['mɑːm(ə)leɪd] джем, конфитюр, обычно из апельсинов и лимонов coffeebar ['kɔfɪ] кафетерий restaurant ['restərɔnt] ресторан canteen [kæn'tiːn] столовая plain food простаяпища steak [steɪk] кусокмяса, лангет, бифштекс roast beef ростбиф Yorkshire pudding ['jɔːkʃə ] йоркширскийпудинг (жидкоепресноетесто, которое запекается под куском мяса на рашпере и впитывает стекающий сок) fishandchips рыба с картофелем во фритюре biscuit ['bɪskɪt] печенье, галета special occasion [ə'keɪʒ(ə)n] особый случай, событие to have a chat поговорить, поболтать substantial [səb'stæn(t)ʃ(ə)l] плотный the first course [kɔːs] первоеблюдо soup [suːp] суп last of all наконец, напоследок the main course второеблюдо fruit pie фруктовыйпирог roast turkey ['tɜːkɪ] жаренаяиндейка Christmaspudding рождественский пудинг с изюмом, цукатами и пряностями Supply answers to the following questions: 1. How many meals a day do the English have? 2. What is the traditional English breakfast like? 3. What is usually called a «continental breakfast»? 4. When do the English usually have lunch? 5. Why do the English like what they call “good plain food”? 6. What kind of meal is five o’clock tea in England? 7. What do the English usually prefer to have for dinner? 8. What is the traditional dish for Christmas table? 9. What other dishes are popular in England? Read the extract below. Compare the information given in it with that of the text “English meals” and say what new facts you’ve learned from it. *** There are four meals a day in an English home: breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is at about 8 o’clock in the morning, and consists of porridge with milk and salt or sugar, eggs — boiled or fried, bread and butter with marmalade or jam. Some people like to drink tea, but other prefer coffee. Instead of porridge they may have fruit juice, or they may prefer biscuits. The usual time for lunch is 1 o’clock. This meal starts with soup or fruit juice. Then follows some meat or poultry with potatoes — boiled or fried, carrots and beans. Then a pudding comes. Instead of the pudding they may prefer cheese and biscuits. Last of all coffee — black or white. Englishmen often drink something at lunch. Water is usually on the table. Some prefer juice or lemonade. Tea is the third meal of the day. It is between 4 or 5 o’clock, the so-called 5 o’clock tea. On the table there is tea, milk or cream, sugar, bread and butter, cakes and jam. Friends and visitors are often present at tea. Dinner is the fourth meal of the day. The usual time is about 7 o’clock, and all the members of the family sit down together. Dinner usually consists of soup, fish or meat with vegetables — potatoes, green beans, carrot and cabbage, sweet pudding, fruit salad, ice-cream or cheese and biscuits. Then after a talk they have black or white coffee. This is the order of meals among English families, but the greater part of the people in the towns, and nearly all country-people, have dinner in the middle of the day instead of lunch. They have tea a little later — between 5 and 6 o’clock, and then in the evening, before going to bed, they have supper. So the four meals of the day are either breakfast, dinner, tea, supper; or breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner. REFERENCES: porridge овсянка prefer [prɪ'fɜː] предпочитать carrots морковь poultry ['pəultrɪ] мясоптицы lastofall наконец, напоследок meal еда, трапеза cabbage капуста beans бобы GOING GREEN If you go camping in a Canadian national park, you would be told: “Walk lightly on the earth. See but don’t be seen. Hear but don’t be heard. What you carry in, carry out. Take only memories; leave only footprints.” You don’t believe it makes a difference if you leave a little rubbish? This is how long it takes for some rubbish left in park areas to disappear naturally”: Cigarette butts – 1-5 years Aluminium cans – 50 years Glass bottles – 1,000,000 years Plastic bags – 10-20 years Plastic photo-film containers – 20-30 years Nylon fabric – 30-40 years Rubber boots – 50-80 years Orange and banana peels – about 2 years Plastic bottles – indefinitely Here are some more fact you probably didn’t know: • Each year, 1 million sea birds and 100,000 sea mammals are killed as a result of eating or being strangled* in plastic. • The amount of wood and paper we throw away each year is enough to heat 50 million homes for 20 years. • Americans throw away about 40 billion soft drink cans and bottles every year. Placed end to end, they would reach to the Moon and back nearly 20 times. If we all do our best to go green, we can help Mother Earth. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION About 200 years ago man lived in harmony with nature because, industry was not much developed. Today, however, the contradictions between man and nature are dramatic. Every year world industry throws out into atmosphere about 1000 tons of dust and other harmful substances. People of many cities suffer from smog. Forests are disappearing. The pollution of the air, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and the destruction of the ozone layer could lead our planet to a global catastrophe. The Earth is our home, that’s why we must take care of it, for ourselves and for the next generations. We must keep our environment clean. What can we do? There’s much that we can do. Factories should filter their smoke. Cars and planes can be done so that they do not pollute the air. The dirty water from the factories and sewage should be drained. We must learn not to litter. Old glass and plastic jars and bottles can become new glass and plastic. Old iron can help us to make new cars and refrigerators. Old newspaper can become new paper. We can recycle most things that we don’t want or can’t use any more. WHAT IS GOING ON? IS OUR CLIMATE CHANGING? Jerome K. Jerome said that we are never happy with the weather. The weather, like the government, is always in the wrong. But something has been really wrong with it lately. Droughts, wildfires, landslides, avalanches, gales, tornadoes, floods... All over Europe it’s the same story. The weather is definitely getting worse and the so-called extreme weather events are becoming more and more frequent. Scientists have noticed it too. Their explanation is short: the cause is global warming. What is global warming? “Greenhouse effect” is actually a natural feature of our atmosphere without which life on our planet would be impossible. Certain atmospheric gases (the most important of them is carbon dioxide – CO2) work as a kind of blanket, keeping the Earth warm. The amount of these ‘greenhouse’ gases used to be more or less the same for centuries. But the industrial revolution broke this balance. Because of heavy industry and other human activities the amounts of CO2 and other gases have increased by 30%. Climate experts predict that by 2050 the global average temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees. It doesn’t seem much. Remember, however, that the difference between the average global temperatures now and the last Ice Age* (20,000 years ago) is only 6 to 8 degrees. So what could happen? Northern regions will be wetter and warmer, southern regions will be drier and hotter. Forests grow instead of tundra in Siberia. It'll be possible to grow grapes in Britain. Not so bad so far. But parts of Spain, Italy and Greece will desert. Snow will melt in the Alps and other mountains, and the water will causefloods landslides and avalanches. Sea levels willrise and a lot of coastal areas will disappear under water. So will whole species of animals and plants. It sounds gloomy. Moreover, some experts argue that the short-term global warming will lead to a more catastrophic long-term global cooling. As the arctic ice cap melts, a flow of fresh water will change currents, including theGulf Stream*, which now keeps Europe warm. What shall we do? Certainly we can cheer ourselves idea that this forecast is far from proven. After all, people began to measure temperature not so long ago. The climatologic history of the world is long and man's knowledge of it is short. But it doesn't mean that we can just sit and wait. Since the global warming is the result of air pollution, the main thing is to lower greenhouse gases emissions. People should use clean energy, such as wind, solar and wave power, which do not emit greenhouse gases. If we recycle cans and paper, insulate* our homes, take public transport and think about energy efficiency in the home – switching off unused lights, for example, we’ll reduce the threat of global climate change. The question is: will mankind succeed in making such radical changes in attitudes and lifestyles in time? THE HISTORY OF LONDON London was founded in the first century AD by the Romans. They built a city a square mile in size, surrounded with a wall and called it Londinium. They left London in the 5th century and the city was largely abandoned. By the 8th century London was again a busy trading center and in the 11th century it became the capital of England. The King Edward the Confessor built a palace and a huge abbey at Westminster. The Norman period saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Paul’s Cathedral and many churches and monasteries. Medieval London grew in importance as a trading center and in 1215 its citizens won thw right to elect their own leader, or Lord Mayor. London begat to spread beyond the city walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods. The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city. Sir Christopher Wren rebuilt St. Paul’s Cathedral and designed 51 Churches. The rebuilding of Londonfollowed the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of brick to reduce the future fire risks. During the 19th century London spread rapidly into the suburbs. As a result of it new forms of transport were developed, including the underground railway system. Britain was then at the height of her Imperial powers and this is expressed in buildings such as the Houses of Parliament and St. Pancras Station. Large areas of London were destroyed by bombs during World War II and the rebuilding that followed was of mixed quality. Today in its full extent Greater London covers 625 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs, including the City, the West End and the East End. About half million people work in the City. It’s the financial center of the UK with many banks, offices and the Stock Exchange*. All the historical places and famous parks are in the West End. Covent Garden in London’s West End, is crowded with cafes, clubs and clothes shops. It includes the shopping area of Knightsbridge, Oxford Street, Picadilly Circus and Covent Garden; it hosts museums and galleries, among them are the Tate Gallery, the National Gallery, Portrait Gallery and the British Museum. The best known streets are: Downing Street, № 10 has been the Prime Minister’s official residence since the 18th century, and Fleet Street which has long been associated with printing and was until recently the home of many national newspapers. One part of the West End has so many Chinese shops and restaurants that it is called Chinatown. Chelsea and Sloane Street are supposed to be the homes of trendy rich kids. The port of London was until recently in the East End. It was an area of docks, unattractive in appearance, but very important in the country’s commerce. If you want to discover London, it is best to start with a tour on a sightseeing bus. It's also fun to go on a guided walk. These are advertised in Time Out, a weekly magazine that tells you what is happening in London. The walks last up to three hours and have special themes, such as “Ghosts* and Haunted* Taverns”, “Royal London – Palaces and People”, “The Beatles London – Rock Routes of the Sixties”. When you go outside the centre you find many areas which used to be small villages. The villages became part of the city when the city expanded, but they still managed to keep their village character. Hampstead, the best-known of the villages, is extremely expensive. It is on one of thehighest hills in London. Some visitors say that London is an expensive city, but there are a few things to do which do not cost a lot of money. Most museums are free and live free guided tours as well as lectures. The saying "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life!" (Dr Johnson) is a cliché, but you can’t be bored in London. TRAVELLING People have traveled since the earliest days of the human history. In primitive times they didn’t travel for pleasure. They traveled on foot and their journeys were long, tiring* and often dangerous. Later they traveled not from necessity, but for the joy and excitement of seeing and experiencing new things. Traveling has now become a highly organized business. There are cars and splendid roads, express trains, huge ships and jet airliners, all of which provide us with comfort and security. The choice of the means of traveling depends on its purpose. If you go on a business trip you’d better go by airplane. Some people are scared of flying. Planes make them nervous. I think there’s nothing to be frightened of. Air transport is really safer than road transport. Traveling by air has many advantages; it’s convenient and much faster than traveling by car, train or sea. Before you get on board the plane you have your luggage registered. It’s weighed* and labeled. You’re not allowed to take bulky luggage with you. Before the flight you have to spend some time at the airport. I like watching the planes taking off and landing. Then you hear your flight announced and the passengers are invited to board the plane and take their seats. The airplane armchairs are very cosy, and they’re equipped with safety belts which must be fastened during both take-off and landing. Sometimes the order to fasten the belts may be given during the flight. When the plane takes off, the stewardess gives the passengers all the information about the flight. She asks the passengers to fasten seat-belts and not to smoke during the flight. The stewardesses are usually amiable* and cater to* the passengers’ wants and needs. If you want something during the flight you are to press a button with a pictogram of a stewardess, and she will immediately come to your help. During the flight the passengers do whatever they like – some of them read, others sleep or look through the porthole at the beautiful scenery. Sometimes you can see the land below which looks like a map. When you reach your place of destination in a few hours you realize all the advantages of traveling by air. As for me the only unpleasant thing about that kind of traveling is that during take-off and landing my ears hurt a little. I usually chew a gum to relieve this little discomfort. Sometimes yawning* and swallowing* helps. Railway transport is still one of the cheapest ways of traveling. But such journeys are usually long and tiresome. Trains stop at many stations and are often delayed. It’s usually stuffy in the cars. If I were to travel by train I would like to travel in a compartment* car. There are two or four berths in a compartment*. If I were to choose any I would to prefer to travel on a lower berth with my face to the engine. Many people prefer traveling by sea for pleasure because it’s very comfortable. One may travel either by sea or by river on board a sea liner or a river cruise ship. Those who live in St. Petersburg have a great opportunity to make a trip to Valaam. If the weather is fine you can enjoy the fresh air and the picturesque banks. A sea voyage is very pleasant. However, if the sea is rough*, some passengers are sick. Fortunately, I’m not a poor sailor. Those who are nor afraid of the rough sea, can walk up and down the deck in any weather but storm. Ships usually reach the port of destination on time according to their schedule. Many people like to travel by car. The advantages of this way of spending a holiday are that you can plan your trip. You don’t have to buy a ticket and you are not afraid of missing your train or airplane. But at the same time you are to think about many other things. For example, how to repair you car if it breaks down or if a tyre* goes flat. At present, taking into account traveling expenditures* which are inevitable*, no matter how you choose to travel, many our compatriots* think that the best way of travelling is hiking. Our family is fond of hiking which is becoming very popular nowadays. We usually spend our days-off and holidays in the country. There are picturesque places with forests, lakes and rivers near our city. We travel not only to enjoy these places but also to see ancient monuments and other places of cultural and historical interest. APPLYING FOR A JOB Time flies and one day you will seek for a job. Job centers don’t offer us a wide choice of different positions. So, one has to do his/her best to find a suitable job. Nowadays interviews have become quite a usual thing. During the interview the employer may ask you a lot of questions about your previous experience, qualification, marital status, salary you want. Along with your general education, language and computer skills are necessary very often, especially in cities. They ask questions to find out what kind of person you are – how hard-working, ambitious, reliable, well-organized, responsible, sociable you are. While seeking for a job one must into consideration a lot of factors such as salary, job place (indoors or outdoors), time of work (full-time or part-time position), one’s personal qualities. It’s very important for an employee to have a paid sick leave, paid vacation and holidays. All these criteria influence our decision to choose this or that job. LICENSING When a company is small it cannot sometimes enter a foreign market. It can sign a licensing agreement with a foreign firm. A license is a legal agreement in which one firm gives another a right to manufacture and sell its product. A company that obtains this right pays the licenser a royalty. Royalty is a certain percentage of the income from the sale of the product. Businesses that have patents or trademarks usually can use licensing to protect them against counterfeiters. The licensee gains a successful product and the know-how. The licenser often controls the quality of the goods which the licensee produces, because high quality guarantees the reputation of the licenser. The licensee chooses the selling strategies because he knows more about how to sell the product in the foreign market. QUESTIONS 1. What does a company sign if it cannot enter a foreign market? 2. What is a license? 3. What is royalty? 4. What does the licensee gain? 5. What strategies does the licensee choose? 6. Who knows the market better – the licenser on the licensee? JOINT VENTURES To go international a large firm can set up a joint venture with a company in another country. In this case two companies pool their resources to design, manufacture and sell the product. Both firms profit by the results of this arrangement. They also share responsibility. One of the firms provides the necessary funds and know-how for producing goods. In return it gets a foothold in the foreign market. The other firm obtains financial aid and technical assistance. And it takes responsibility for handling red tape and organizing sales in the local market. In the late 1980-s, for example, a Connecticut engineering company set up a joint venture with Russian oil refineries and petrochemical plants. The venture gives the Russians the necessary technology and the Connecticut company has gained a foothold in the world's largest oil industry in return. Упражнение Выберите наиболее правильное продолжение.
SUBSIDIARIES AND BRANCHES A company can set up a branch in the foreign country to handle the sales of the product abroad. A parent company specifies the tasks and goals of a branch. Those usually consist of marketing and selling the product. If the managers of the parent company decide to arrange the company's own production facilities (plants, factories, etc) overseas, they set up a subsidiary. A subsidiary works under the laws of the foreign country and to the profit of its parent company. Some subsidiaries are to a great extend independent of their parent companies because the home management believes that the on-site managers are in the best position to make decisions. QUESTIONS 1. Why do companies set up branches in a foreign country? 2. What does a parent company do when it sets up a branch overseas? 3. What are the tasks and goals of a branch? 4. In what cases do the managers decide to set up a subsidiary? 5. What laws does a subsidiary work under? 6. Who profits by the work of a subsidiary? 7. When and why do some subsidiaries become independent of their parent companies? QUOTAS AND TARIFFS Sometimes the government can encourage or discourage imports and exports of goods. It imposes quotas on certain products. An export quota specifies how much of a product can a manufacturer ship out. An import quota allows you to import to certain limit. The quota may be absolute (we reach a certain amount and can ship no more) or the government can combine it with a special tariff on all units over that amount. For example, we had an import quota of 6.000 automobiles. We had bought 6.000 automobiles with a 6.5 % tariff by the end of the last year, and all others we bought with a 45 % tariff. The government also imposes special taxes or duties on imported goods. These are tariffs. Tariffs discourage imports because they make foreign goods more expensive. There are revenue tariffs that generate tax revenues and protective tariffs that protect home manufacturers. The purpose of the revenue tariffs is to raise money, and therefore these tariffs are rather low. The protective tariffs are much higher. QUESTIONS 1. How can a government encourage or discourage imports and exports of goods? 2. What does an export quota specify? 3. What does an import quota allow you to do? 4. What is an absolute quota? 5. What can a government combine a quota with? 6. What are tariffs? 7. How do tariffs discourage imports? 8. What two sorts of tariffs are there? 9. What is a revenue tariff? 10. What is a protective tariff? 11. What is the purpose of the revenue tariff? 12. Which of the two sorts of tariffs is higher and why? EMBARGOES AND SANCTIONS Governments can prohibit the import or export of certain products for military, sanitary, moral or political reasons. A military embargo prevents weapons going to a certain country. The United States prohibit the import of certain birds and animals for sanitary reasons. Moral reasons are the grounds for embargoing cocaine, heroin and other drugs. Sometimes governments prevent the export for political reasons. For example, the United Nations set embargo on sales to, and purchases from, Rhodesia before it became Zimbabwe. Sanctions are a form of reaction to illegal actions of another party. There are sanctions against dumping, for example. Dumping means shipping large amounts of a product to another country at prices below the selling price. QUESTIONS 1. Why do governments prohibit the import or export of certain products? 2. What is the reason for a military embargo? 3. What reasons are there for a sanitary embargo? 4. Why do most of the governments prohibit the import of drugs? 5. What reasons are there for a political embargo? 6. What are sanctions? 7. What is dumping? 8. Why do the governments set sanctions against dumping? REGULATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Some governments impose various regulations on businesses in their countries. Sometimes these regulations discourage foreign companies from entering home markets. In some countries all international businesses must have local partners. In other countries a foreign firm must have at least one native in the top management of a branch or a subsidiary. Some governments, for example in Mexico, insist that the local partners have the controlling interest. However, big firms like IBM refuse to do business on these grounds and usually manage to find the way out. Government regulations limit what a company may do. For example, some countries demand that the company files a plan indicating what it is going to produce, how many local workers it is going to hire and how much it will pay the workers. This plan must also fit into the government economic master plan. If the country changes its master plan, the foreign firm must change its plans, too. QUESTIONS 1. How do the government regulations affect the foreign companies? 2. What must foreign companies have in some countries? 3. Whom must foreign companies have in their subsidiaries' top management sometimes? 4. What does the government in Mexico insist on? 5. How do big firms react to government regulations? 6. What do some governments demand a foreign company should file? 7. What must this plan indicate? 8. What must the company's plan fit into? 9. What happens if the government changes its master plan? |
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