ЧТЕНИЕ
Успешное выполнение задания зависит во многом от умения внимательно читать инструкции и вопросы в задании. Необходимо выполнять каждое задание строго в соответствии с инструкцией.
Выполняя задания, Вы должны помнить, что отсутствие ответа засчитывается как неправильный ответ.
На экзамене Вы должны продемонстрировать умение извлекать основную, полную и необходимую информацию из прочитанного. Скорость выполнения задания – главный показатель степени владения этими умениями.
Для извлечения необходимой информации предлагаются информационные тексты. Вы должны научиться находить необходимую информацию (конкретную – цифру, имя, год и т. д. и смысловую), используя стратегии скоростного чтения.
Умение понять основное содержание прочитанного не предполагает полное понимание всего текста. Учащиеся должны понять тему, основную мысль, идею, отличить основные факты от второстепенных, факт от мнения. Чтобы овладеть этим умением, учащиеся должны:
внимательно прочитать первый и последний абзацы текста, так как именно там содержится основная мысль;
не пытаться понять каждое слово в содержании прочитанного.
Полностью понять прочитанное – это значит уметь делать выводы из прочитанного, выразить свое отношение к прочитанному, понять логические связи слов в предложении, понять причинно-следственные связи между предложениями, понять значение слов из контекста, по словообразовательным элементам и по аналогии с родным языком.
Мы надеемся, что следующие рекомендации помогут Вам справиться с заданием множественного выбора:
Сначала прочитайте весь текст, чтобы понять его содержание, тему и логику развития событий;
прочтите вопросы, пытаясь найти ответ на них, не читая варианты А, В, С, D;
Прочитайте текст вторично, выделяя его ключевые фрагменты. Это поможет найти верные ответы на вопросы к тексту;
найдите отрывок в тексте, в котором может находиться предполагаемый ответ;
выберите один из 4 данных вариантов, который, по Вашему мнению, больше всего подходит;
прочтите оставшиеся 3 ответа и решите, почему они неверны.
Не пугайтесь незнакомых слов. Значение некоторых слов часто становится ясным из контекста.
Ваш результат зависит от числа правильных ответов. Лучше ответить на вопрос случайно, чем пропустить его.
Задания на логику построения текста
В следующих текстах перепутана последовательность их частей. Решите, в каком порядке должны следовать части и заполните таблицу после каждого текста:
1. AUSTRALIAN GREAT OUTDOORS
In winter you can ski in one of the many ski resorts or travel to the nearby Pacific Islands. You can also dive for pearls off the coast of Western Australia, look for opals in the mining district of Lightning Ridge or look at the beautiful rainbow-coloured fish and corals of the Great Barrier.
Australia is an island the size of Europe, which knows every type of climate and almost every kind of plants, trees and flowers. The trees never lose their leaves. Its birds and animals are strange. One can find here a kangaroo, koala, echidna, dingo. It is a country where in winter you can enjoy everything from swimming and skin-diving on coral island to skiing.
Not many Australian mothers work, so it is easy for the whole family to go away together. The distances between cities are very great but petrol is cheap, so a lot of people have large American-type cars with air-conditioning. Most families own two cars, and families who have a house or a flat in the city often have a beach cottage for the summer.
The great outdoors in Australia is all year round. Many Australian families own boats. These can be small boats, large yachts, fishing boats and expensive powerboats. Most families with a boat want to take part in the yacht race from Sydney to Hobart. There are thousands of boats on the water with their sails shining in the sun. They sail through Sydney harbour, which is the finest natural harbour in the world and then they sail past the famous Opera House. Many families spend all weekend on their boats
Football is a very popular sport in Australia and a lot of families spend Saturday watching a match. Australians are also very keen on cricket. (296)
2. ABOUT MOTHER'S DAY
On Mother’s Day the U.S. flag is to be displayed on government buildings and at people’s homes “as a public expression of our love and reverence for the mothers of our country.” President Woodrow Wilson issued the first proclamation making Mother’s Day an official national holiday.
There are all kinds of things you can do to make Mother’s Day special for your mom. Here are a few suggestions:
Make mom breakfast in bed.
Do secret acts of kindness, this might include doing one of mom's chores for her.
Be obedient.
Do your chores, without being asked.
Get along with your brothers and sisters.
Leave a love letter, for mom, on her pillow.
Check out some great ideas to make Mom a homemade gift.
Have you ever wondered why Mother’s Day is celebrated the second Sunday of every May? Do you want to know some things you can do to make Mother’s Day extra special? Read on for the answer to these questions and more.
In May, 1913, The House of Representatives unanimously adopted a resolution requesting the President, his Cabinet, members of Congress, and all officials of the federal government to wear a white carnation on Mother’s Day. Congress passed another Joint Resolution May 8, 1914, designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day.
Long, long, ago, in ancient Greece, the people paid tribute to Rhea, the Mother of the Gods, each spring. A little later in history it is noted that England paid homage to mothers on “Mothering Sunday”, the fourth Sunday of Lent.
Denmark, Finland, Italy, Turkey, Australia and Belgium celebrate Mother’s Day on the same day as the United States. Other countries celebrate Mother’s Day as well, though not on the same day. (287)
3. COMPUTERS
In medical laboratories, computers have reduced the errors in testing, and they have saved doctors countless hours of work. Before long, medical histories of all Americans will be kept in "computer banks". If a person becomes ill far from his home, local doctors will be able to get his medical record immediately. In science, the computer has performed in minutes experiments which would have required thousands of hours of work by human hands and minds.
Computers are also used when one reserves space on an airplane. Walk into airline office. Before selling you a ticket, the reservation clerk uses machine to record information about where you want to go and the flight number of the plane that will take you to your destination. Within seconds, the computer informs the clerk whether or not there is space for you on that plane. Such reservation systems are now in increasing use. They are also employed by hotels, by companies that rent cars, and by offices that sell tickets to theatres and sport events. Besides the computer prints the tickets at the same time.
This new servant of man is only about twenty-five years old, but it has already changed the lives of people. Wherever the citizen turns, he finds a computer working. It helps him make long-distance and local telephone calls.
More and more people use computers in their daily lives. In some schools, for example, computers are teaching children for part of the school day. The use of computers in schools has worried some teachers. There are those who fear it will remove the human element from teacher -student relationship. Some teachers fear that computers will take their jobs. On the other hand, there are educators who consider computers a valuable means of freeing teachers from the more boring and tiring tasks, enabling them to spend more time with individual students.
In education, as in business and industry, science and medicine, computers play an important part in almost every type of operation. The future will bring major advances in computer technology, which will aid man in his efforts to improve his world. (351)
4. DO YOU BELIEVE IN MIRACLES?
Well, is it worth believing in miracles? I think that only frank, sincere and kind people can believe in them. When I think whether I believe in miracles myself, I remember one very interesting film about a small family (a father, a mother, and a daughter), Christmas and, of course, Christmas miracles. The little girl believed in miracles, as any child, but her mother did not. Being burdened with troubles she did not notice this magical time, the miracles happening around her; she did not see or did not want to see all the fascination of life.
I was interested to know what other people think. Some people said that “a miracle is the birth of a child; we can explain it, but it is difficult to understand....” Other people consider “a miracle to be peace in the world”, or as “something that you did not expect, but it happens, and this ‘something’ is very good and kind”. And there was the quite different opinion: “A miracle is magic”.
As almost every American film, this one has a happy ending, and the mother saw this world through her daughter's eyes, visited Santa Claus, and heard the magical ringing of bells in the night's silence. The film may seem quite naive, but thanks to it I understood that it is necessary to believe in miracles, though they are different for every person.
As for me, a miracle is life itself, all that surrounds us: nature, sky, sea, freedom. I consider it is important to see all of these and to understand their true value. I love you, world!!! They say life is happy not because of some events and conditions; happiness depends on one’s attitude to them. Look around, many of us do not notice the surrounding people or listen to them; we live in own world, comfortable to us, which we have built ourselves.
Have you ever asked yourself this question? I think every person once believed in miracles. When? In childhood Grandfather Frost, Snow-Maiden, and gnomes were among our most favourite fairy characters. We were afraid of Kaschey Bessmertni, and Baba-Yaga, and we really believed in them. And now? Certainly not. But I think that every person wants to touch childhood, to return to it, at least for a moment. In childhood the fairy miracles were real, but in adult life...what does a miracle mean for us in adult life? And is there any room for it in our hearts?
But we live among people and communication is one of the most significant values. One of the most interesting, clever and well-known writers Chekhov said: “If every person would do on his piece of earth everything he can, what a wonderful world it would be.” Let’s create and, most important, believe in miracles! Let’s believe in our dreams! (469)
5. FAIRY TALES
So, jump in and find out what makes these fairy tales so enduring, or try your hand at creating your own!
Both Egypt and Iceland have “Cinderella” stories, as do China, England, Korea, Siberia, France, and Vietnam; and the list doesn’t stop there. There may be a thousand versions of the Cinderella story, each with a unique telling which carries cultural information about the time and place the story was told. One thing is for sure – people everywhere like stories in which truth prevails over deception, generosity is ultimately rewarded, hard work overcomes obstacles, and love, mercy and kindness are the greatest powers of all.
A fairy tale, or wonder tale, is a kind of folktale or fable. In these stories we meet witches and queens, giants and elves, princes, dragons, talking animals, ogres, princesses, and sometimes even fairies. Marvelous and magical things happen to characters in fairy tales. A boy may become a bird. A princess may sleep for a hundred years. A seal may become a girl. Objects too can be enchanted – mirrors talk, pumpkins become carriages, and a lamp may be home to a genie.
The oldest fairy tales were told and retold for generations before they were written down. French fairy tales were the first to be collected and written down, but now we can read fairy tales from almost any culture. When these stories were studied together, something amazing was discovered. From countries as distant and different as Egypt and Iceland similar fairy tales are told.
Today, some authors still like to retell and invent new fairy tales. The Cinderella story was recently re-imagined by Diane Goode in her book Cinderella: “The Dog and Her Little Glass Slipper”. Jon Scieszka’s fractured fairy tales in “The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales” are another example of a retelling but with humor. (307)
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