Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования «московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации» (мгту га)

Participle I or Participle II? The lighting systems (USE) for airports, runways, obstructions, and other visual aids at night are very important aspects of night flying. (LIGHT) airports (LOCATE) away from congested areas can be (IDENTIFY) readily at night by the lights (OUTLINE) the runways. Airports (LOCATE) near or within large cities are often difficult to identify in the maze of lights. It is important not to only know the exact location of an airport relative to the city, but also to be able to identify these airports by the characteristics of their lighting pattern. Aeronautical lights are (DESIGN) and (INSTALL) in a variety of colors and configurations, each having its own purpose. A (ROTATE) beacon is (USE) to indicate the location of most airports. Beacons (PRODUCE) red flashes indicate obstructions or areas considered hazardous to aerial navigation. Steady burning red lights are (USE) to mark obstructions on or near airports and sometimes to supplement (FLASH) lights on en route obstructions. High intensity (FLASH) white lights are (USE) to mark some (SUPPORT) structures of overhead transmission lines (STRETCH) across rivers, chasms, and gorges. These high intensity lights are also (USE) to identify tall structures, such as chimneys and towers. The basic runway lighting system consists of two straight parallel lines of runway-edge lights (DEFINE) the lateral limits of the runway. These lights are aviation white, although aviation yellow may be (SUBSTITUTE) for a distance of 2,000 feet from the far end of the runway to indicate a caution zone. At some airports, the intensity of the runway-edge lights can be (ADJUST) to satisfy the individual needs of the pilot. The length limits of the runway are (DEFINE) by straight lines of lights across the runway ends. At some airports, the runway threshold lights are aviation green, and the runway end lights are aviation red. At many airports, the taxiways are also (LIGHT). A taxiway-edge lighting system consists of blue lights that outline the usable limits of taxi paths. FLIGHT AND NAVIGATION INSTRUMENTS Pitot-static system and instruments Vocabulary pitot-static system pitot tube static port pressure altimeter pressure altimeter to indicate vertical speed indicator air speed indicator to measure true airspeed (TAS) indicated airspeed (IAS) ground speed (GS) instrument reading dial pointer arc marking to clog to adjust level flight climb descent система полного и статического давления трубка Пито приемник статического давления давление высотомер барометрический высотомер показывать вариометр (указатель вертикальной скорости) указатель воздушной скорости измерять истинная воздушная скорость приборная воздушная скорость путевая скорость показания прибора круговая шкала, циферблат стрелка прибора дуга разметка засоряться регулировать горизонтальный полет набор высоты снижение Reading Pitot-static system and instruments 1) A pitot-static system is a system of pressure-sensitive instruments that is most often used in aviation to determine an aircraft's airspeed, Mach number and altitude. It uses the static air pressure and the dynamic pressure due to the motion of the aircraft through the air. These combined pressures are used for the operation of airspeed indicator (ASI), altimeter and vertical speed indicator (VSI). Other instruments that might be connected are air data computers, flight data recorders, altitude encoders, cabin pressurization controllers, and various airspeed switches. Errors in pitot-static system readings can be extremely dangerous as the information obtained from the pitot-static system, such as altitude, is often critical to a successful flight. Several commercial airline disasters have been traced to a failure of the pitot-static system. 2) A pitot-static system consists of a pitot tube, a static port, and the pitot-static instruments. The pitot tube is used to measure the total combined pressures that are present when an aircraft moves through the air. Static pressure, also known as ambient pressure, is always present whether an aircraft is moving or at rest. It is simply the barometric pressure in the local area. Dynamic pressure is present only when an aircraft is in motion; therefore, it can be thought of as a pressure due to motion. Wind also generates dynamic pressure. It does not matter if the aircraft is moving through still air at 70 knots or if the aircraft is facing a wind with a speed of 70 knots, the same dynamic pressure is generated. 3) The pitot tube has a small opening at the front which allows the total pressure to enter the pressure chamber. The total pressure is made up of dynamic pressure plus static pressure. In addition to the larger hole in the front of the pitot tube, there is a small hole in the back of the chamber which allows moisture to drain from the system should the aircraft enter precipitation. Both openings in the pitot tube need to be checked prior to flight to insure that neither is blocked. Many aircraft have pitot tube covers installed when they sit for extended periods of time. This helps to keep bugs and other objects from becoming lodged in the opening of the pitot tube. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following word-combinations: Чувствительный к давлению, число Маха, благодаря движению самолета в воздухе, система воздушных сигналов, бортовой регистратор, устройство кодирования высоты, регулятор давления в кабине, ошибки в показаниях системы, крушения самолетов коммерческих авиалиний, выход из строя (отказ), внешнее давление, в покое, неважно (не имеет значения), неподвижный воздух, 70 узлов, маленькое отверстие, осадки, подвергаться проверке перед рейсом, крышка, предотвратить попадание насекомых и других объектов. Answer the questions: What is the pitot-static system? What is its operation based on? What does it consist of? Altimeter Ex. 1. Answer the questions. 1) What is the function of the altimeter? 2) What two words make up the word “altimeter”? 3) Why is the altimeter one of the most vital instruments installed in the aircraft? Word-building Ex. 2. Fill in the table. translation verb noun Participle I Participle II указывать уменьшать использовать измерять вызывать регулировать сталкиваться ограничивать устанавливать давать to indicate to reduce to use to measure to cause to adjust to collide to restrict to install to give Lexical Exercises Ex.3. Match English and Russian equivalents. to effect as well as the only aloft difference pointer dial to determine midair collision visibility столкновение в воздухе разница на высоте определять а также круговая шкала, циферблат видимость влиять стрелка прибора единственный Ex. 4. Match the synonyms. height error to reduce pointer to decrease hand altitude malfunction Ex. 5. Match the antonyms. to increase clockwise accurate source counterclockwise consumer to reduce approximate Grammar exercises Ex. 6. a) Make up degrees of comparison for the following adjectives. Vital, sensitive, dense, good, accurate, high b) Translate the sentences paying attention to the degrees of comparison. The altimeter is one of the most vital instruments installed in the aircraft. Air is denser at sea level than aloft. The shortest hand indicates altitude in tens of thousands of feet, the intermediate hand in thousands of feet, and the longest hand in hundreds of feet. The pilot must be sure that the aircraft is flying high enough to clear the highest terrain or obstruction along the intended route. Ex. 7. Translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the word “as”. предл. в качестве, как нареч. 1) одинаково, в равной степени, как 2) как например, наподобие союз 1) так как; поскольку 2) = just as когда; пока; в то время как 3) как, также как и, аналогично 4) так, как; таким образом, что The altimeter uses static pressure as its source of operation. As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. Their principle of operation is based on measuring the atmospheric pressure, which decreases as the altitude is gained. The aircraft speed can be determined relative to the air as well as relative to the ground. As the altimeter is the only instrument that is capable of indicating altitude, this is one of the most vital instruments installed in the aircraft. Ex.8. Find in each paragraph a sentence with the gerund and translate it. Reading Altimeter 1) The altimeter is an instrument that measures the height of an aircraft above the ground. As the altimeter is the only instrument that is capable of indicating altitude, this is one of the most vital instruments installed in the aircraft. To use the altimeter effectively, the pilot must understand the operation of the instrument, as well as the errors associated with the altimeter and how each effect the indication. 2) The pressure altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures the pressure of the atmosphere at the level where the altimeter is located, and presents an altitude indication in feet. The altimeter uses static pressure as its source of operation. 3) Air is denser at sea level than aloft—as altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. This difference in pressure at various levels causes the altimeter to indicate changes in altitude. Any altitude can be determined by measuring the pressure associated with it at a given moment. The presentation of altitude varies considerably between different types of altimeters. Some have one pointer while others have two or more. 4) The dial of a typical altimeter is graduated with numerals arranged clockwise from zero to nine. Movement of the aneroid element is transmitted to the three hands that indicate altitude. The shortest hand indicates altitude in tens of thousands of feet, the intermediate hand in thousands of feet, and the longest hand in hundreds of feet. This indicated altitude is correct, however, only when the sea level barometric pressure is standard (29.92 "Hg), the sea level free air temperature is standard (+15 degrees Celsius (°C) or 59 degrees Fahrenheit (°F)), and the pressure and temperature decrease at a standard rate with an increase in altitude. Adjustments for nonstandard pressures are accomplished by setting the corrected pressure into a barometric scale located on the face of the altimeter. The barometric pressure window is sometimes called the Kollsman window; only after the altimeter is set does it indicate the correct altitude. 5) Knowing the aircraft’s altitude is vitally important to a pilot. The pilot must be sure that the aircraft is flying high enough to clear the highest terrain or obstruction along the intended route. It is especially important to have accurate altitude information when visibility is restricted. To clear obstructions, the pilot must constantly be aware of the altitude of the aircraft and the elevation of the surrounding terrain. To reduce the possibility of a midair collision, it is essential to maintain altitude in accordance with air traffic rules. Answer the questions. How does the altimeter work? What does it use as a source of operation? In what way does the pressure depend upon the altitude? What is the Kollsman window designed for? Types of Altitude Altitude in itself is a relevant term only when it is specifically stated to which type of altitude a pilot is referring to. Normally when the term altitude is used, it is referring to altitude above sea level since this is the altitude which is used to depict obstacles and airspace, as well as to separate air traffic. But this is not the only kind of altitude. 1. Indicated altitude - read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the current altimeter setting. 2. True altitude - the vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level—the actual altitude. It is often expressed as feet above mean sea level (MSL). Airport, terrain, and obstacle elevations on aeronautical charts are true altitudes. 3. Absolute altitude - the vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain, or above ground level (AGL). Other pitot-static instruments Ex.1. Answer the questions: 1) What do VSI and ASI stand for? 2) What are the vertical speed and airspeed in your opinion? 3) What kinds of airspeed do you know? Can you say what they signify? Ex.2. Match the English and the Russian equivalents. rate of climb level flight rule of thumb density error the same to be called практический способ погрешность горизонтальный полет называться плотность скороподъемность одинаковый, тот же самый Ex.3. Fill in the table. Verb Noun (Actor) Abstract noun to manufacture indication corrector to read calibration to provide marking Ex.4. Match the synonyms. different speed whether face of the instrument pitot calm dynamic velocity still multiple dial if Ex.5. Match the antonyms. vertical climb accurate dynamic approximate horizontal static descent Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) The VSI, which is sometimes called a vertical velocity indicator (VVI), indicates whether the aircraft is climbing, descending, or in level flight. The rate of climb or descent is indicated in feet per minute (fpm). If properly calibrated, the VSI indicates zero in level flight. Airspeed Indicator (ASI) The ASI measures and promptly indicates the difference between pitot (dynamic) pressure and static pressure. These two pressures are equal when the aircraft is parked on the ground in calm air. When the aircraft moves through the air, the pressure on the pitot line becomes greater than the pressure in the static line. This difference in pressure is registered by the airspeed pointer on the face of the instrument, which is calibrated in miles per hour, knots (nautical miles per hour), or both. Types of Speed Just as in altitudes, there are multiple types of airspeeds. It is necessary to be very familiar with each type. Indicated airspeed (IAS) - the direct instrument reading obtained from the ASI, uncorrected for variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or instrument error. Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis for determining aircraft performance. Calibrated airspeed (CAS) - IAS corrected for installation error and instrument error. This error is generally greatest at low airspeeds. In the cruising and higher airspeed ranges, IAS and CAS are approximately the same. True airspeed (TAS) - CAS corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature. Because air density decreases with an increase in altitude, an aircraft has to be flown faster at higher altitudes to cause the same pressure difference between pitot impact pressure and static pressure. Therefore, for a given CAS, TAS increases as altitude increases; or for a given TAS, CAS decreases as altitude increases. A pilot can find TAS by two methods. The most accurate method is to use a flight computer. The second method, which is a rule of thumb, provides the approximate TAS. Simply add 2 percent to the CAS for each 1,000 feet of altitude. Groundspeed (GS) - the actual speed of the airplane over the ground. It is TAS adjusted for wind. GS decreases with a headwind, and increases with a tailwind. Airspeed Indicator Markings Aircraft are required to have ASIs marked in accordance with a standard color-coded marking system. This system of color-coded markings enables a pilot to determine at a glance certain airspeed limitations that are important to the safe operation of the aircraft. For example, if during the execution of a maneuver, it is noted that the airspeed pointer is in the yellow arc and rapidly approaching the red line, the immediate reaction should be to reduce airspeed. ASIs include the following standard color-coded markings: 1) White arc is commonly referred to as the flap operating range since its lower limit represents the full flap stall speed and its upper limit provides the maximum flap speed. Approaches and landings are usually flown at speeds within the white arc. 2) Green arc is the normal operating range of the aircraft. Most flying occurs within this range. 3) Yellow arc indicates caution range. Fly within this range only in smooth air, and then, only with caution. 4) Red line indicates never exceed speed. Operating above this speed is prohibited since it may result in damage or structural failure. System malfunctions Blocked pitot tube A blocked pitot tube is a pitot-static problem that will only affect airspeed indicators. A blocked pitot tube will cause the airspeed indicator to register an increase in airspeed when the aircraft climbs, even though actual airspeed is constant. This is caused by the pressure in the pitot system remaining constant when the atmospheric pressure (and static pressure) are decreasing. In reverse, the airspeed indicator will show a decrease in airspeed when the aircraft descends. The pitot tube becomes clogged by ice, water, insects or some other obstruction. For this reason, aviation regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recommend that the pitot tube be checked for obstructions prior to any flight. To prevent icing, many pitot tubes are equipped with a heating element. A heated pitot tube is required in all aircraft certificated for instrument flight. Blocked static port A blocked static port is a more serious situation because it affects all pitot-static instruments. One of the most common causes of a blocked static port is airframe icing. A blocked static port will cause the altimeter to freeze at a constant value, the altitude at which the static port became blocked. The vertical speed indicator will become frozen at zero and will not change at all, even if vertical airspeed increases or decreases. The airspeed indicator will reverse the error that occurs with a clogged pitot tube. Pitot-static related disasters 1 December 1974 - Northwest Airlines Flight 6231, a Boeing 727, crashed northwest of John F. Kennedy International Airport during climb en route to Buffalo Niagara International Airport because of blockage of the pitot tubes by atmospheric icing. 6 February 1996 - Birgenair Flight 301 crashed into the sea shortly after takeoff due to incorrect readings from the airspeed indicator. The suspected cause is a blocked pitot tube (this was never confirmed, as the airplane wreck was not recovered). 2 October 1996 - AeroPeru Flight 603 crashed because of blockage of the static ports. The static ports on the left side of the aircraft had been taped over while the aircraft was being waxed and cleaned. After the job was done, the tape was not removed. 23 February 2008—B-2 bomber crash in Guam caused by moisture on sensors. 1 June 2009—Air France Flight 447 had a pitot tube error while in flight over the Atlantic Ocean and subsequently crashed with the loss of all aboard. Translate into English Основные компоненты системы полного и статического давления – это трубка Пито и приемник статического давления. Работа системы основана на разнице статического и динамического давления. Статическое давление – это обычное барометрическое давление. Динамическое давление возникает, когда самолет движется. Система полного и статического давления включает в себя следующие приборы: высотомер, указатель вертикальной скорости и указатель воздушной скорости. Высотомер – это прибор, который указывает, на какой высоте летит самолет. Чем больше высота, тем меньше давление. Различают приборную, истинную и абсолютную высоту. Указатель вертикальной скорости показывает набор высоты, снижение или горизонтальный полет самолета. Указатель воздушной скорости измеряет скорость движения самолета. Различают приборную, истинную и путевую скорость. Приборная скорость может значительно отличаться от истинной и путевой скорости. Указатель воздушной скорости имеет на циферблате цветную разметку. Сбои в системе полного и статического давления очень опасны. И трубка Пито, и приемник статического давления должны проверяться перед каждым рейсом. Ошибки в показаниях системы полного и статического давления могут привести к крушению самолета. Gyroscopic Flight Instruments Vocabulary gyroscope (gyro) heading indicator directional gyro turn coordinator attitude indicator to spin wheel to bank turn rate of roll rate of turn horizon bar tick marks scale adjustment knob гироскоп указатель курса гироскоп курса координатор поворота авиагоризонт крутиться, вертеться колесо накреняться поворот угловая скорость крена скорость поворота планка горизонта штриховые метки шкала кнопка регулировки Word-building Ex.1. Fill in the tables. a) verb noun adjective to adjust to fail to affect to move to direct to operate to sense

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