Методические рекомендации по выполнению домашней контрольной работы огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык для специальности
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VIRGINIA RAILWAY EXPRESS (VRE) VRE is a commuter train handling passenger traffic to and from Washington. Talk to any rider on the train and you are likely to hear comments such as those of Curt Mason, VRE’s first passenger: “The fare is reasonable, the schedule is convenient, and it is always in time.” One year ago people working in Washington but living in its suburbs had to go by cars or fight for railway tickets. Now they often make a choice in favor of VRE because it provides a reliable, comfortable, cost-effective alternative to driving, eliminating the inconvenience and stress caused by highway gridlocks.* VRE ridership and revenues are steadily growing, and the prevailing opinion among management, crews and passengers is that the system works and works very well. VRE officials attribute the railroad’s success to three important factors: careful planning, cooperation and communication. Much attention is paid to the improvement of passenger service. Tom Waldron, VRE’s director of operations**, says: “Our customers are our bread and butter. We make every effort to meet their requirements.” Every week there is a “station day” when VRE’s officials talk to people on the platforms and on the trains. It helps to understand customers’ needs and to take measures if necessary. The innovations do not stop at a “station day”. New automated ticket vending machines were installed, eliminating on board ticket collection. It enabled the railway to reduce the price of tickets and the cases of fare evasion.*** Besides, VRE offers “free ride certificates”**** for passengers whose trains are delayed or annulled. Coaches and locomotives are washed every day. Train crewmembers are instructed on the optimum distance they should be from the microphone as they are talking to passengers on the public address system, so as not to be too loud or too soft. “Details make perfection,” Waldron notes, “and we are striving for perfection. We know we’ll never achieve it, but we’ll come damn close.” Notes: *highway gridlock – “пробка” на дороге **director of operations – коммерческий директор ***fare evasion – неуплата за проезд ****free ride certificate – билет на бесплатный проезд ВАРИАНТ 9 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов (to be allowed to; to be able to; to be to; to have to). Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. We missed the last commuter train and had to go by bus. 2. We are not able to wait for them any longer, we are to ring them up and find out what has happened. 3. If you buy railway tickets in advance, you have to pay some extra money. 4. Passengers were not allowed to get off the carriage because the stop of the train lasted only two minutes. 5. Since the tape-recorder is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием –ing. 1. Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the “night vision system”. 2. Having come to the terminal David bought the ticket and seeing that he had enough time left before boarding the train, went to look at the new theatre built near the station. 3. Remote control is a system for controlling machinery from a distance by radio signals. 4. The railway tunnel linking Great Britain and France was officially opened for traffic on May 7, 1994. 5. Fences and other devices are built for protecting the tracks against snow and for keeping the livestock away from the railway. III. Перепишите предложения, употребив сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательной форме. Полученные предложения переведите. 1. The car repair (will take) much time. 2. There (were) many people near the booking office. 3. I (expected) my friends to come to see me off. 4. His traveling expenses (were covered) by the firm. 5. I (think) he will get this job because he (has) enough experience. 6. The underground is a very convenient means of transport but it (suits) me because I live a long way from the station. 7. He (has booked) a return ticket and now it may be difficult to buy it for a through train. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. RIO REVIVES THE COMMUTER RAIL NETWORK Rio de Janeiro’s suburban railway network has a long history of deterioration. It could have disappeared entirely by now but for the fact that it was privatized in 1998. SuperVia, the new private owner of the Rio commuter network, began the slow process of reviving railway network. SuperVia inherited a large number of serious problems. Signaling did not work properly. Only 35 out of a fleet of 180 four-car trains were operational, some of them only barely. The condition of the track was poor, and only 50% of all journeys were completed, such was the frequency of breakdowns. Several accidents that occurred soon after privatization also gave SuperVia a very bad public reputation at the outset, but the company quickly took measures. It replaced the worst sections of track and upgraded the others. Besides, SuperVia began rebuilding emus and this work has increased the number of the working emus to 126 trains, while another 48 emus are currently being restored. All the new and rebuilt emus are air-conditioned, an important design element in the tropical climate of Rio. In addition, 20 km of rails, 50,000 sleepers and 83 switches have been replaced. The system of power supply is being upgraded and all 30 stations are being refurbished. Drainage has also been improved to overcome serious flooding problems, which have halted traffic in the past. These measures have worked. Reputation of SuperVia is improving rapidly and passengers have begun to come back. In 1998 the network carried just 170,000 passengers a day but in 2001 traffic has reached 300,000 riders a day. The ultimate aim is to increase passenger traffic to 1,4 million customers. SuperVia’s image has been restored to such extend that the newly elected left-wing state government, opposed in principle to privatization, has admitted that the operator is doing a really good job! ВАРИАНТ 10 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах. 1. Tunnels are built for direct movement of automobiles or trains through mountain ranges or under rivers. 2. The first double-deck buses appeared in London in 1851 but at that time the upper deck had no roof and the passengers were given raincoats to put on if it started to rain. 3. No wonder the radio is not working, you have not plugged it. 4. The route of a future railway had been examined by the specialists from the survey gang by the beginning of winter. 5. The main tendency of our life is that computers are being used in all spheres of technology, science and everyday life. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление герундия в разных функциях. 1. We must leave home two hours before the plane taking off so that we can get to the airport without hurrying. 2. This car needs fuelling every 300 miles. 3. The first steps in designing robot engine driver for heavy high-speed trains were made in 1960s. 4. Mechanical loading wagons results in considerable saving of time. 5. The transport committee studied the problem of increasing the number of buses operating on the city’s routes. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные функции слов с окончанием -ed. 1. Before each flight, pilots ask for the information about the weather expected during the planned route. 2. Automatic block systems and centralized traffic control are widely used on the railways. 3. When mass-produced, the electric automobile will help solve ecological problems of big cities. 4. James Watt invented the first stationary steam engine in 1763 and installed it in a machine pumping out the water at a large mine. 5. Kerosene is a fuel used in jet engines. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. TGV DUPLEX – A TRAIN OF THE THIRD GENERATION The high-speed line linking Paris and Lyon was opened for traffic in 1981. It was to solve the problems of the ever-increasing flow of passengers between France’s two largest cities. A high-speed train of the second generation (TGV) was specially developed for this line. Twenty years passed and the new line itself is overcrowded with 150 trains a day and 17 million passengers a year. Traffic frequency during peak hours is 1 train per 5 minutes. To increase the carrying capacity of the line, French National Railways has ordered from the company Alsthom 30 trains of the third generation. TGV Duplex is a high-speed double-deck train. It has 40% more seats than a conventional TGV. It consists of 8 trailers and 2 power cars. The speed of TGV Duplex reaches 300 km per hour. This third-generation train is made of lightweight materials. Extra capacity has been achieved by lowering the floor of the lower deck by 40 cm. Besides, the overall height of the vehicle was increased by 20 cm. The passage along the trains is only possible at the upper level. Despite the 40% increase in the number of seats, the comfort level for passengers in second class has been enhanced by providing reclining seats and 7 cm more legroom*. Improvements compared with previous TGV generations include a modern aerodynamic profile and a new braking system, which significantly reduce noise level. All areas are airconditioned and pressurized to prevent discomfort when running through tunnels at a high speed. Lower-deck accommodation is quieter than the upper deck as there is no through passage between cars. However, the view from the upper deck is far superior. Passengers with heavy luggage prefer the lower deck to save the effort of carrying their cases upstairs. Technically, the train is a triumph. It was built on previous TGV experience but a number of new technologies, techniques and materials were introduced to solve the very difficult problems connected with a double-deck car configuration. Notes: *legroom – место для ног ВАРИАНТ 11 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глаголов to be и to have. 1. This minibus has a rear door and easily detachable seats that is why it can be easily converted for the transportation of the freight up to 800 kg. 2. At the terminus of the Underground the engine driver is to move to the other end of the train. 3. Our efforts to start the car had failed, and we had to spend the night in a nearby village. 4. It is such a narrow road that it is difficult for two cars to pass each other. 5. Owing to the establishment of new trolley-bus routes the passenger service in the city was improved. II. Укажите, чем выражено определение в следующих словосочетаниях и переведите их. 1) a cargo weighing several tons; 2) heavy traffic; 3) the city power supply system; 4) the bridge to be built; 5) an overcrowded bus; 6) the problem of increasing train speeds; 7) the trailers made of stainless steel; 8) the rising cost of fuel; 9) the telephone lines damaged in the storm; 10) the automobile body modification. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива (The Infinitive). 1. To protect wooden sleepers against decay, they are treated with creosote. 2. The new branches of industry to be developed in this part of the country are metallurgy and radio engineering. 3. It is impossible to increase train speed without improving the stability of track. 4. The function of the automatic engine driver is to start and stop the train, to select the speed of running and to keep strictly to the schedule. 5. The mechanic was asked to estimate the cost for the repair of the car. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. THE CHANNEL TUNNEL The first design of the Channel Tunnel was proposed in 1751. Since that time, dozens of proposals had been considered before the actual tunneling began. The work proceeded very quickly and was successfully completed in 6 years. The Tunnel was opened for traffic on May 7, 1994. The Channel Tunnel actually consists of three tunnels: the two running tunnels* and the service tunnel**. Single-track railway lines are laid down in each of the running tunnels. Normally, one of them carries passenger and freight trains from Britain to France and the other carries trains in the opposite direction. If one of the running tunnels is closed down for maintenance, the other is used for train movement in both directions. A smaller third tunnel lies between the two train tunnels. It is called the service tunnel. There is a roadway inside it, so maintenance workers and emergency teams can reach any point of the Tunnel system in their road vehicles. The service tunnel is linked to the running tunnels at regular intervals by crosspassages***. In case of emergency or a train breakdown, the passengers will leave the train through one of the cross-passages into the service tunnel where road vehicles will evacuate them to a safer place. The total length of the Tunnel is about fifty kilometers. Thirty-seven kilometers of the line are under the waters of the English Channel. The electric trains run every three minutes during peak hours, providing the carrying capacity of 4,000 vehicles per hour in both directions. A typical passenger shuttle consists of twenty-six wagons. A half of them are doubledeck carriages for carrying cars of average size. Thirteen single-deck wagons are used for transporting buses and vans. Freight shuttles consist of twenty-five single-deck wagons. Each of them is capable of carrying a vehicle weighing up to forty-four tons. Two electric locomotives are coupled in front and at the rear of each shuttle. The time of crossing the Tunnel is thirty-five minutes, about an hour less than by ferry. Passengers and drivers remain in their vehicles. The gauge of the tunnel railway is standard that is why the tunnel can be used for international passenger and freight trains. Notes: *running tunnel – железнодорожный тоннель **service tunnel – служебный тоннель ***cross-passage – поперечный переход ВАРИАНТ 12 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на многофункциональность глаголов to be и to have. 1. Open-type passenger car has nine six-berth compartments. 2. Many new electronic devices have been developed to provide the safety of high-speed traffic. 3. He had to take the whole device apart to discover the cause of the trouble. 4. The plane was to leave at midnight but its departure was delayed because of a heavy fog. 5. Although the railways are the main cargo haulers, motor transport carries the greatest number of passengers. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление инфинитива (The Infinitive). 1. The purpose of a tilting system is to ensure fast and smooth running of the train on curves. 2. To carry all kinds of bulky materials that cannot be exposed to the weather railroads use covered hopper cars. 3. It is impossible to move at the same speed along the whole route as it has some curves and up-grades. 4. Will you try to find out what time the plane arrives at the airport? 5. In planning a railway route the main factors to be taken into account are the cost of constructing a line, the cost of operating it and the probable volume of traffic. III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные типы условных предложений. 1. If I were you, I would learn to drive a car. 2. If he had come a minute later, he would have missed the trains. 3. Had he used new materials, the device would have been more reliable. 4. If the track were not properly repaired and maintained, it would be dangerous for trains to run upon it. 5. If the transportation costs are reduced, the total costs of the commodity will be reduced too. IV. Перепишите и переведите текст. |
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