Российской Федерации Федеральное агентство по образованию

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Название	Российской Федерации Федеральное агентство по образованию
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Тип	Учебное пособие

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

What is the most widely used optical device?
1. The most widely used optical device is a telescope.
2. The most widely used optical device is a prism.
3. The most widely used optical devise is a microscope.
4. The most widely used optical devise is a lens.

Which definition of the lens is correct?
1. An optical system consisting of two or more refracting interfaces, at least one of which is curved.
2. Nonplanar surface centered on a common axis.
3. Two spherical segments coated with thin dielectric films.
4. Optical system used for converging or diverging of light waves.

Which of these natural objects can we use as a lens?
1. Our eyes
2. A droplet of water
3. Lake surface
4. A pearl

INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Find the Russian equivalents of the words listed below.

1	2
1) compound lens	сложная линза (объектив)
2) burning glasses	поверхность
3) concave lens	ничтожный
4) diverging	кривизна
5) curvature	вогнутая линза
6) negligible	форма
7) interface	рассеивающая
8) nonplanar	экран
9) surface	неплоский
10) wavelength	волновой фронт
11) shape	поверхность раздела
	зажигательные стёкла
	длина волны
	выпуклая линза

Exercise 2. Read and translate the collocations below.

That notwithstanding the fact, lenses date back, for the most part, tend to decrease, in other words, on the other hand, a millionth of a second.
Exercise 3. Match the synonyms.
Verbs

1	2
achieve	make
allow	wish
produce	consist
desire	let
coat	get
	require
	cover

Nouns

1	2
interface	photo
adjustment	pinhole
picture	surface
aperture	change
speed	device
	velocity
	image

LANGUAGE ACTIVITY

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences with a, an, the or no article.

… audience clapped and cheered.
People say … British are not very friendly but I disagree.
If we do not protect … nature, our environment will get worse and worse.
I pick up … kids from school and take them … home when Mary is at … work.
Take these letters to … post office, will you?
Are we going round to … Wilson’s for supper on Saturday?
Where do you work during … day?
What will you do if they cut … electricity off?
The Government should tax … rich more and … poor less.
… power doesn’t interest him but … money does.
We arrived at Heathrow and got … taxi which took us to … Oxford Street.

Exercise 2. Insert prepositions where it is necessary.

The first lens was a liquid lens, formed … a droplet of water.
Convex lenses are thicker … the center.
A lens that consists … one element is a simple lens.
Nonplanar surfaces of a lens are often spherical segments and are coated … thin dielectric films.
Lenses are made … a wide range of forms.
Photography depends … a photochemical reaction in an emulsion of silver halide crystals.
An optical image is the reproduction … an object … a lens or mirror system, employing light as a carrier.
It is impossible to get any kind of image … light.

Exercise 3. Summarize your knowledge of Present Perfect Tense. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

The students (to read) the articles today.
He never (to conduct) such experiments.
The manufacturing technology (to improve) to the point that more complicated computers can be produced.
The production of lenses already (to become) an important branch of optical industry.
“You ever (to be) to such a conference?” professor asked the post – graduate student.
He not (to come) home yet.
The astronomer just (to write) down all the observations of the planets.
Two foremost opticians (to complete) a great scientific work this year.

Exercise 4. Summarize your knowledge of Past Perfect and Future Perfect Tenses. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

Они прочитали, перевели и записали текст к тому моменту (до того), как он пришёл.
Инженеры закончат испытывать самолёт к 3 часам.
Конференция закончится к полудню.
Студентка уже сдала экзамен к 5 часам.
Учёные закончат работу к концу месяца.
Уже к 1610 году Галилей сообщил о проведении первых телескопических наблюдений.
К 2005 году будут созданы ещё более мощные телескопы.

Unit 5

WORD STUDY

Exercise 1. Check the transcription in the dictionary and read the words listed below. Translate them.

Nouns

trait, photography, aperture, tripod, clarity, width, balance, variety.

Verbs

imply, discourage, introduce, define, rival.

Adjectives

manual, ancient, amateur, old-fashioned, widespread, compact.
Exercise 2.

a) make adjectives from the following verbs according to the model.

Model: verb + -able: compare - comparable

operate, change, solve, reason, vary, convert, note, use, extend, control, recognize.
b) and now make negative forms of these adjectives and translate them.

Model: un- + adjective: comparable - uncomparable.

equal, important, expected, comrotable.

UNDERSTANDING A PRINTED TEXT

List of Terms:

camera obscura – камера-обскурa

bellows – мехи (фотоаппарата)

imaging media – средство получения (оптических) изображений

body – корпус

zoom – объектив

disposable – одноразового использования

spool – наматывать (на катушку, шпульки и т. п.)

affordability – доступность

conventional – обычный, традиционный

contemporary – современный

subminiature – микроминиатюрный

large format view camera – широкоформатный панорамный фотоаппарат

large format camera – широкоформатный фотоаппарат

still camera – фотоаппарат

trait – особенность, характерная черта

tripod – штатив, триножник

light-tight - светонепроницаемый

READ THE TEXT AND ENTITLE IT

Cameras are the defining tools of photography. Descended from the ancient camera obscura, all cameras share three basic traits: an aperture to focus light, an imaging media (usually film) to record the focused image, and a body to keep unfocused light away from the media. Cameras exist in an variety of forms, ranging from "single-use" disposable cameras to professional large format view cameras, while supporting media formats ranging from 19th-century glass plates to 21st-century digital media.

The most common type of camera today, 35mm cameras were invented in 1914 by Oskar Barnack. As implied by the name, these cameras use 35mm-wide film, spooled into light-tight cartridges. The 35mm format provides a balance between image clarity, camera size, and affordability that has made the format popular with professional and amateur photographers.

The Advanced Photo System (APS) is a 24mm film format developed in the 1990s by a group of five camera manufacturers responding to consumers' difficulties with conventional 35mm cameras. APS' smaller film and redesigned film cartridge allow for more compact, easier-to-load cameras with more powerful zooms, but produce a considerably smaller image than the 35mm format. While APS is experiencing considerable growth in the amateur market, its smaller negatives and limited selection of film types have discouraged many experienced photographers.

Large format cameras are manual-focus view cameras that use sheet film to produce images significantly larger than other formats. Similarly, large format cameras are the largest contemporary cameras, requiring tripods to hold them steady, and bellows to adjust focal lengths. Large format cameras are widely considered the most "old-fashioned" types of cameras, having changed relatively little over the past century.

One of the oldest formats still in widespread use, medium format cameras and film were introduced by Eastman Kodak in 1898. Medium format film is 2-3/8 inches wide. Medium format images are 56mm high, with image widths depending on the camera used.

Subminiature cameras are usually defined as any still camera that exclusively uses a single film format smaller than 16.7mm x 30.2mm, which is the size of the Advanced Photo System's (APS) IX240 film. The size of the camera is not the determining factor, though in most cases these cameras are some of the smallest ever produced. The majority of these cameras are not toys. In fact, many of them have some of the more advanced optics of their time, as well as being mechanical marvels. Many older models rival the better lenses produced today. Cameras produced fifty years ago are carried daily in the pockets of many professional photographers.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

What types of camera do you know?
What basic traits do all cameras have?
Could you name the most common type of camera today? What advantages does it have?
How do large format cameras work?
Explain why subminiature cameras cannot be called toy cameras.

INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY

Exercise 1. Find the synonyms.

1	2
common	huge
medium	improved
conventional	colorful
old-fashioned	average
advanced	outdated
widespread	usual
	extensive
	expansive

Exercise 2. Find the antonyms.

1	2
professional	manual
old-fashioned	still
large	present
common	big
past	contemporary
	amateur
	small
	unusual

LANGUAGE ACITIVITY

Exercise 1.

a) Study using “make” and “do”.

“Make” or “do”? In some contexts these two words have a similar meaning. However, there is a rule which says that “make” usually carries the idea of creation, construction.

Example: – Marry made this dress herself.

– This device was made by two students in one of the laboratories of the

University.

– Second-year students will make experiments next year.
As for “do”, it is usually associated with work, particular activity.

Example: – Have you done your homework?

– We don’t do aerobics this year.

– He plans to do business.

However, there are many exceptions to these rules and specific uses of these verbs:

– to make a decision

– to make a mistake

– to make entry

– to make a device

but:

– to do a service

– to do subjects

– to do a favour

– to do without

– to do one’s best
b) Now cross out incorrect variant.

My mother doesn’t do/make housework.
Did he do/make many mistakes?
Every child must do/make his room.
Will you do/make a cup of coffee?
I will do/make all my best to help you.
I’d like to do/make you an offer.
Will you do/make me a favour and pass the bread.
My mother is going to do/make a cake for your birthday.
Now I can’t do/make without my computer.

Exercise 2. Insert do, make, have into the gaps, in the their correct form.

We must … a decision at last - they are going to break the door!
I … lots of messages every day and most of them is just junk mail.
Dr. Smith, we should … an agreement at last. We accept your offer.
It’s terrible how many mistakes she … in her dictations. I don’t think she will pass an exam.
I … so much homework in math to … . I simply don’t know with what to start!
My brother … swimming professionally. He is excellent in it.
Though being quite young, about 5 years old, she always … her bed herself.
This film was … by a famous French producer, the author of many well-known films.
I wouldn’t be able to work as a babysitter. Children … so much noise!

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