Сборник текстов и упражнений для второго курса
|
Скачать 286.02 Kb.
|
|
My favourite writer is Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. In my opinion, he is the greatest Russian dramatist and short-story writer. I’m never tired of reading and rereading his plays and humorous stories. Chekhov was born in 1860 in Taganrog. In 1879 he went to Moscow, where he studied medicine. Though he practiced little as a doctor in his lifetime, he was prouder of his medical knowledge than of his writing talent. While in college, Chekhov wrote humorous sketches for comic papers to support his family. He collected the best ones into a volume, Motley Stories, in 1886. The book attracted the attention of he publisher of the Novoie Vremja, Russia’s largest paper, and Chekhov was asked to contribute stories regularly. Chekhov, as an established writer, was able to develop a style of his own. Though he never gave up writing comic stories, he began working in a more serious vein. In 1887 Ivanov, his first play, established Chekhov as a dramatist. From then on, he concentrated on writing plays, as well as short stories. Chekhov was seriously ill. He had tuberculosis and knew what it meant. By 1892 his health was so bad that he was afraid to spend another winter in Moscow. He bought a small estate near a village Melikhovo, 50 miles from Moscow. He spent 5 years there, and those were happy years in spite of the illness. He wrote some of his best stories there, including Ward No. 6, several well-known one-act comedies and two of his serious dramatic masterpieces, The Seagull and Uncle Vanya. The Seagull was first staged in the Alexandrinsky Theatre in Petersburg. It was a complete failure because of the dull and clumsy production. It was a cruel blow to Chekhov. However, the play was successfully performed as the first production of the Moscow Art Theatre in 1898. From then on, Chekhov was closely connected with this theatre and with its founder, K. S. Stanislavsky. In 1901 he married an Art Theatre actress, Olga Knipper, who acted in his play The Three Sisters. Chekhov’s health went from bad to worse and he had to spend the remaining years in the Crimea and other health spas. The Cherry Orchard, his last play, was produced in 1904. Soon after the first night Chekhov died. He was 44. Chekhov had an immense influence on the 20th-century drama. Besides, several generations of writers both in Russia and abroad studied and imitated Chekhov to perfect their own literary style. Exercise 1. Translate into Russian: the greatest Russian dramatist and short-story writer; several generations of writers both in Russia and abroad; to spend the remaining years in the Crimea; a small estate near a village; humorous sketches for comic papers; several well-known one-act comedies; medical knowledge; a complete failure; the dull and clumsy production; to perfect their own literary style; in a more serious vein; an immense influence; a cruel blow; the first night; in spite of the illness. Exercise 2. Translate into English: становиться всё хуже и хуже; с тех пор; юмористические зарисовки; последняя пьеса; тесно связан с этим театром; любимый писатель; писательский талант; серьёзно болеть; никогда не сдаваться; признанный писатель; поддерживать свою семью; привлекать внимание издателя; бояться провести ещё одну зиму в Москве; первая постановка. Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
Exercise 4. Who is your favourite writer? What can you tell about him/her? Exercise 5. Retell the text. Text 3. RUSSIA’S MAJOR LIBRARY. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS:
The foreigner who comes to Moscow for the first time will find that there are not only “many” libraries in Moscow, there are very many: scientific-technical, agricultural, medical, historical, theatrical and other libraries. Russia’s major library is located in Moscow. It is the Russian State Library. Over the years of its existence, the library has accumulated a wealth of human thoughts. It contains extremely rare manuscripts, a magnificent collection of first editions from the 15-18th centuries, collections of ancient European engravings, Russian prints from the middle ages, and editions of classic writers published during their lifetimes. This library also contains the most complete collection of contemporary Russian literature, since a special law of 1945 dictates that the library receives three copies of each publication published in Russia. The library also holds thematic book exhibitions on regular basis. The name of Lenin conferred on the library in 1945 is today no longer its official designation, but people continue to call it the “Leninka”. Moreover, the subway station right outside the library has not changed its name, the Lenin Library station. Several buildings that make up the Russian State Library occupy an entire city block in the heart of Moscow. The buildings are divided into the “new” and the “old” sections. The new building was erected in 1937-1941 according to a design resulting from a competition. The initial design, which was light and functional, was altered and the building acquired the aspect of a heavy monument. Inside the new building the vast amount of unused space, and ponderous decor are evident. The old building, called “Pashkov’s Dom”, is a monument of architecture and guests to the city always take note of it. Constructed in 1784-1786 it was a typical city palace belonging to a rich Russian aristocrat. In 1812, the building was destroyed in the fire that swept through the city when it was occupied by Napoleon’s troops, but in 1814-1817 it was completely restored. In 1862 Count Rumyantsev held his book and museum collections there, thus laying the foundation for what became in 1921 the State library. The library numbers over 40 million publications in 247 languages of the world. Special attention is devoted to manuscripts, rare books, books by Russian authors published abroad and books written by foreigners about Russia. Among foreign publications the library gives priority to encyclopedias, and handbooks on universal topics in all the main languages of the world. It also preserves many priceless archives from Russian scholars, public figures, and writers. The library itself conducts research work and publishes the result in annual collections. The library houses 22 reading halls with room for 2500 visitors. The reading halls are organized on two principles: thematic with halls devoted to the technical, natural, and humanitarian sciences, and functional with newspapers, manuscript, cartography, musical manuscript, and dissertation halls. A chronic problem is the slow service. The time between ordering materials from the main archives and receiving them is a minimum of three hours. Therefore one should order materials well in advance. The library has a large bibliographic information department, which will assist you with any questions that might arise during your search for information. Exercise 1. Translate into Russian: for the first time; a large bibliographic information department; during your search for information; priceless archives from Russian scholars, public figures, and writers; the slow service; in all the main languages of the world; to occupy an entire city block; over the years of its existence; humanitarian sciences; according to a design resulting from a competition; thematic book exhibitions on regular basis; a wealth of human thoughts; extremely rare manuscripts; special attention; books written by foreigners. Exercise 2. Translate into English: великолепное собрание древних европейских гравюр; ежегодная коллекция; огромное количество неиспользованного пространства; громоздкий декор; памятник архитектуры; официальное название; первое издание; российские печатные издания средневековья; первоначальный дизайн; хроническая проблема; заказать материалы заранее; проводить исследовательскую работу; насчитывать много публикаций; станция метро прямо около библиотеки; впервые. Exercise 3. Make up the questions covering the content of one of the texts for your fellow-students to answer them. Exercise 4. Retell the text. HEALTH. Text 1. SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS:
How do people know they are ill? Often they have symptoms such as pain, nausea, sore throat, lack of appetite, fatigue, or fever. However, a disease may be present without a person knowing it. Sometimes a disease is discovered during a routine health examination. Illnesses, that can be passed along by an infected person to a well person either directly or indirectly are called infectious or communicable diseases. In early 1900s infectious diseases were still a serious public health problem. Today as a result of improved hygiene and living conditions, new drugs, new kinds of medical treatment, and the widespread use of vaccines, the picture has changed. Many diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, scarlet fever, small pox, and diphtheria have been almost wiped out. However, some of these diseases – and others – pose problems in certain areas of the world. The cold is the most common communicable disease. So far, scientists have identified more than 100 different viruses capable of causing cold symptoms. For this reason, no vaccine exists to immunize against colds. Some diseases are not caused by disease-producing micro-organisms. These diseases cannot be passed from person to person. No immunity can be produced for these diseases. They are called noncommunicable. Among them are most diseases of the heart, allergy and a lot of others. Exercise 1. Translate into Russian: to have symptoms such as; to pose problems in certain areas of the world; to pass from person to person; during a routine health examination; either directly or indirectly; a serious public health problem; as a result of improved hygiene and living conditions; scarlet fever; disease-producing micro-organisms. Exercise 2. Find the equivalents of these expressions in the text: потеря аппетита; незаразный; боль в горле; различные вирусы; отсутствие иммунитета; заболевания сердца; новые лекарства; оспа; новые методы медицинского лечения; распространённая практика вакцинации. Exercise 3. Make up questions covering the content of the text for your fellow-students to answer them. Exercise 4. Retell the text. Text 2. WHY ARE NARCOTICS DANGEROUS? On April 16, 1943, Albert Hoffmann, an employee of the Swiss pharmacological firm Sandoz was engaged in a series of laboratory experiments dealing with ergot, fungus which strikes grain. Suddenly Hoffmann was seized with a feeling of alarm. It began to seem to him that he split in two, that his body stayed in the laboratory and his soul had been carried off into a strange and fantastic world. He remained in this condition for a couple of hours. The next day, having analyzed the reasons for his hallucinations, Hoffmann realized that they had been caused by LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide). In this way the world’s most powerful drug was discovered. One ounce of this drug, divided into 300,000 parts will cause hallucinations in 300,000 individuals. For 10 years LSD remained a laboratory secret, until Timothy Leary, a teacher in Harvard University’s medical school, learned about it. Leary at that time was conducting clinical research into “experimental psychosis”. At the same time he himself showed signs of mental derangement. Having convinced himself of the properties of LSD, Leary announced that the doors into the world of contemplation were now open. In 1962 he founded the League of Spiritual Discovery, which began to attract students. In just a few years Leary managed to draw tens of thousands of young Americans to drug addition. Narcotics can be divided into two groups: euphoric and fantastic. Euphoric drugs cause a sensation of bliss: whereas hallucinogens produce “supernatural” pictures which appear on the basis of common, everyday emotions. An illusion of freedom from problems and cares is created. An individual tries to relive that feeling of “pure bliss” without spending any of his own energy. Narcotics contain substances which regulate the biochemical reactions of nerve cells. Under the influence of narcotics the nerve cells are aroused, their processes are speeded up and, for a short while, an individual experiences an illusion of pleasure, the kind which he could never know, even after a few months of normal living. After using drugs, the chemical balance in the nerve cells is disrupted, they are no longer able to work normally and they demand new portions of “poison”. A “dependence” syndrome occurs: increased heartbeat, a profusion of saliva, sweating, cramps in the stomach and intestines, tremors. The individual begins to suffer from insomnia, a feeling of alarm and terror grows, and the sense of excitement is replaced by a feeling of utter exhaustion. These tortures of dependence cause the drug addict to search in advance for his necessary dose of poison. This dose gradually increases in size, in a process called the “Mithridates syndrome”. Two thousand years ago, Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, fearing poisoning, ingested daily portions of poison, in gradually increasing doses, until he reached a point where he could take a dose which would have proved fatal for a couple of men. But, for drug addicts, this gradual increase in dosage inevitably ends badly: they finally fall into a state of total dependence. They become worn out, unable to function, their self-will is paralyzed and they have difficulty thinking; they suffer hair loss and damage to kidneys, liver and heart. All of this is visible in the addict’s external appearance: an advanced degree of exhaustion, a sallow complexion, a blank stare. Ethanol, which Paracelsus called “alcohol”, is also a drug, but significantly weaker than LSD. Wine contains from 7 to 17% ethanol, vodka 40-45%, rum-up to 60%. Man learned to distill pure alcohol in Europe during the Middle Ages, and for a long time it was used purely for medicinal purposes. But in the 15th-16th centuries makers of alcoholic beverages managed to circumvent royal prohibitions and alcohol began to be sold freely. At the end of the 16th century in the armies of some European countries, soldiers were given vodka before going into battle. Thus, two of man’s worst enemies met face to face: war and alcohol. Ethyl alcohol acts on the body in the same way as drugs do. But pathological changes in the organs occur more slowly. Teenagers become addicted to alcohol more quickly than any other age group. If a teenager begins to drink regularly at age 13-15, he will become addicted in a year. If he begins at age 15-17, addiction occurs in 2 to 3 years. It often happens that young people who drink regularly give birth to deformed children. Drunkenness during conception leads to birth defects. A Swiss scientist who studied 8,196 birth-defect children found that they had all been conceived during one or another holiday. |
Похожие:
 |
Сборник лексико-грамматических упражнений Сборник лексическо-грамматических упражнений к учебнику “International Express”. Уровень А2 / О. А. Егорова. Моск гос ин-т междунар... |
|
Немецкий язык Пособие для студентов второго курса дневного и вечернего отделений ои мгюа по направлению подготовки «Юриспруденция». Цель пособия... |
 |
Методические рекомендации для выполнения контрольной работы №2 и... Составители: е г. Попова, доцент кафедры гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин, А. П. Гаручава, старший преподаватель... |
|
Методические указания для студентов факультета экономики и менеджмента... Цель данных методических указаний – на основе текстов по экономике, а также сопутствующих им упражнений изложить грамматику, предусмотренную... |
|
Гбпоу «чттлп» Сборник технических текстов по английскому языку по... Сборник технических текстов по английскому языку по оборудованию швейного производства |
|
Сборник текстов по английскому языку для студентов III-IV курсов |
|
Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка часть 2 |
|
Методическое пособие «Методическое обеспечение внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов» «Машинист локомотива», 190629. 07 «Автокрановщик» (для второго курса) и 15. 01. 05 «Сварщик (электросварочные и газосварочные работы)»,... |
|
Сборник развивающих упражнений по информатике для обучающихся 5 – 7 классов Кгу «Средняя школа №4 им. М. Маметовой» отдела образования акимата Федоровского района |
|
Сборник упражнений Б 79 Речевые нарушения у взрослых и их преодоление. — М.: Изд-во эксмо-пресс, 2 0 0 160 с |
|
Сборник упражнений по русскому языку с диктантами Москва «оникс 21 век» Книга предназначена для поступающих в вузы, учителей русского языка и преподавателей подготовительных курсов вузов |
|
Пояснительная записка рабочая программа учебного курса по химии для... Фгос второго поколения, примерной программы основного общего образования по химии (базовый уровень) и авторской программы О. С. Габриеляна... |
|
Ковшило Д. Ф., Берзегова Л. Ю. Методические разработки по английскому... Методические разработки предназначены для студентов 1 курса, продолжающих изучение английского языка на стоматологическом факультете.... |
|
Сборник тестов и упражнений по биохимии Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим объединением по медицинскому и фармацевтическому образованию вузов России в качестве учебного пособия... |
|
Сборник технических текстов с заданиями для профессии «Повар, кондитер» Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края «Кропоткинский техникум технологий и железнодорожного... |
|
Сборник технических текстов с заданиями для профессии 23. 01. 09 «Машинист локомотива» Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Краснодарского края «Кропоткинский техникум технологий и железнодорожного... |