Сборник текстов и упражнений для второго курса
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Text 1. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS:
The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now. Air pollution is a very serious problem. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. It also destroys the ozone layer which protects the Earth from the dangerous light of the Sun. Another problem is that our forests are dying from acid rain. This, in turn, affects the balance of nature. An even greater environmental threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. If we want our children to live in the same word we live in, or in a better and healthier world, we must learn to protect the water, the air and the earth from pollution. Exercise 1. Translate into Russian: fastest-spreading disease of civilization; environmental threat; to die from acid rains; to affect the balance of nature; disastrous consequences for our planet; planet-wide problems; fewer headlines; one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth; for the next several decades; energy consumption; massive deforestation; greenhouse effect; one kind of animal, plant or insect; harmful substances; the main reason for the greenhouse effect; dangerous light of the Sun. Exercise 2. Translate into English: защита окружающей среды; на грани исчезновения; промышленные и ядерные отходы; атомные электростанции; истощение озонного слоя; кислотные дожди; перенаселение; непригодный для жилья; другая проблема; трагические последствия; лучший и более здоровый мир; защищать воду, воздух и землю от загрязнения; в свою очередь; главная причина; землетрясение; каждые десять минут; промышленные предприятия. Exercise 3. Make up questions covering the content of the text for your fellow-students to answer them. Exercise 4. Make up some dialogues on the topic: nuclear power stations/societies of environmental protections/learning to protect our planet at school or a college. Exercise 5. Retell the text. GENERATION GAP. Text 1. YOUNG PEOPLE’S PROBLEMS. WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS:
Everybody says your youth is probably the best time of your life, that being young means romance, love, new discoveries and so on. But it is also the most difficult time because you have to make some very important decisions which will influence all your future life. Things are not easy nowadays even for adults, but for teenagers who have to find their own place in society, it’s very difficult. It is necessary not only to adapt to your society, but also to be confident about your position in five, ten or twenty years’ time. For your future it is essential to have a good job. And to get a really good job you have to be well-educated. Every girl or boy leaving secondary school should choose an institution of higher education or, if he or she doesn’t want to study any more, choose a job straight way. In planning your future you have to think about the possibility of finding a job after finishing your education. But even if you are studying, you need some money of your own. Your parents probably will provide you with home, food and necessary clothes, but you will have your own tastes, and your parents won’t pay for them. To pay for extra clothes, tapes, books, things necessary for your hobbies, you have to work, and in this country it is very difficult for a teenager to find a job without any qualification. You’re lucky if you can do something that others can’t; for example, if you’re good at maths or English, you can give lessons. Emotional problems for young people can be far more difficult than financial ones. The typical teenager problem is that “nobody understands me”. The parents often continue to treat their teenage children as if they were infants, when they probably consider themselves to be grownups. Youth is also the time to meet your first love. It is, of course, wonderful, but, as it is widely known that first love often has an unhappy end, this also increases young people’s problems. Even friends cannot always stay friends. When young people begin to understand themselves a little bit better, old friends sometimes just grow apart. So, as you see, it is very difficult to be young nowadays, as, indeed, it has always been. But you only can be young once, and some wonderful things can happen only when you’re young. So, it is better to enjoy youth while it lasts. Exercise 1. Translate into Russian: the best time of your life; to make some very important decisions; as you see; to understand themselves a little bit better; the time to meet your first love; continue to treat their teenage children; some money of your own; to find their own place in society; to influence all your future life; to be confident about your position; to pay for extra clothes; to find a job without any qualification; it is essential to have a good job; to be well-educated; to think about the possibility; to consider themselves to be grownups; to enjoy youth. Exercise 2. Translate into English: отдаляться друг от друга; старые друзья; чудесные вещи; несчастливый конец; намного сложнее финансовых проблем; обеспечить проживанием, пропитанием, необходимой одеждой; после окончания образования; самое сложное время; через пять лет; эмоциональные проблемы; широко известно; в этой стране; вещи, необходимые для занятия хобби; в планировании своего будущего. Exercise 3. Make up questions covering the content of the text for your fellow-students to answer them. Exercise 4. Discuss the problems with the other students and your teacher: problems that I have with my parents/my parents don’t like my friends/finding a job/my parents and my girl(boy)friend. Exercise 5. Retell the text. Chapter 1. Education. LESSON 1. EDUCATION IN RUSSIA. Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty too. Most children of preschool age attend nurseries and kindergartens. This helps parents to prepare children to school. Children go to school at the age of 6 or 7 and stay there until they are 14-17 years old. Universal primary education was introduced in Russia in the 1930s, and universal secondary education – in the 1970s. At school pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Maths, History, Biology, a foreign language and others. Lessons are conducted 6 days a week, except Sundays. Each lesson lasts 40 minutes with breaks between classes from 10 to 20 minutes. The school year in Russia begins on September 1st and lasts till the end of May. It is divided into four terms with holidays after each term. After finishing nine forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th forms. They can also go to a vocational or technical school where they study academic subjects and receive a profession. A college gives a general knowledge of academic subjects and a profound knowledge in one or several subjects. After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter an institute or a university. Institutes or universities train specialists in different fields. A course at an institute or a university usually takes five years. Many universities have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes and universities usually have graduate courses, which give candidate or doctoral degrees. Education in Russia is free at most schools. There are some private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Students at institutes and universities get scholarships. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education. Active Vocabulary.
LESSON 2. THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE USA. The school system. All American children have the right to thirteen years of free education at a public school. Approximately 11 per cent of children go to private schools, because the class size is smaller or academic standards may be higher. Some private schools offer religious teaching that is not available in public schools. Each September, more than fifty million students start the new school year. The first year is called kindergarten, and each of the following years has a grade number up to 12. Students attend classes for an average of five hours a day, five days a week Monday through Friday, and they have homework assignments to complete after school and at weekends. The school year ends in June. At high school. A student starting high school is called a freshman and becomes a sophomore in the second year. Eleventh-grade students are called juniors, and twelfth-grade students are seniors. There are eight classes a day, usually from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Students take classes in major subjects such as English, Maths, History, and Science. They must also take classes in physical education and a foreign language. Then they can usually choose an elective subject like art or music. At the end of term students get a grade of A, B, C, D or F (fail) for each subject. Grades are based on test scores, class participation, and class and homework assignments. As they finish each class in a subject, students get a credit. When they have enough of these, they can graduate. To graduate from high school, students have to complete a course of study that leads to a diploma. Anybody who wants to go to college must have a high school diploma and take the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). The SAT checks maths and English-language skills through multiple-choice questions marked by computer. Universities and colleges. Forty-one per cent of high school graduates go to college. Students pay tuition to study at public and private universities. Some of them have scholarships to help with the cost of tuition. Even with a scholarship, higher education is very expensive; many families take out loans to pay for their children’s college education. A full-time undergraduate degree usually takes four years. Many students study part-time, so it may take them much longer to finish. Some students take an associate’s degree at a community college, where the tuition fees are lower and study two more years at a four-year college to complete their bachelor’s degree. Active Vocabulary.
LESSON 3. EDUCATION IN BRITAIN. Education in Britain is compulsory between the ages of 5 to 16. Children may get it either at state schools or public ones. State schools are supported by the government and education is free. Public schools are not supported by the government so parents have to pay high fees. The main three stages of education in Britain are: 1) primary; 2) secondary; 3) further (higher) education. Primary schooling includes three age groups: 1) nurseries for children under 5 years of age; 2) infant schools for children from 5 to 7 years of age; 3) junior schools for children from 8 to 11. In a primary school children learn reading, writing, Arithmetic, History, Geography, Nature Study, Art, Physical Education etc. From a primary school children go to a secondary school. There are three types of secondary school: 1) modern schools where pupils get a general education and learn to work with their hands (instruction in woodwork, metalwork, sewing, shorthand, typing); 2) grammar schools where students are taught academic subjects as well as sciences; 3) comprehensive schools which combine all types of secondary education. 90% of all state schools are comprehensives. Comprehensive schools have 6 classes called forms. Each form consists of 3 parallel classes: 1) class A specializing in arts (English language and literature, history, foreign languages, art, etc.); 2) class B specializing in science (maths, chemistry, physics, biology, geography, etc.); 3) class C specializing in commerce (e.g. bookkeeping, accounting, shorthand, typewriting). At the age of 16 schoolchildren take their GCSE examinations. Those who pass their GCSEs may stay at school for another 2 years and take their “A” (advanced) level exams in 2 or 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels to go to a university. The system of education in public schools is similar to the state system, but public schools are free from state control. The level of education is high, the discipline is very strict. At the age of 18 most public school-leavers enter universities such as Oxford and Cambridge and high political and business positions are open to them. Active Vocabulary.
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