Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине огсэ. 03. «Иностранный язык» по образовательной программе по подготовке специалистов среднего звена
|
Скачать 0.64 Mb.
|
|
Тема 3.4 «История автомобилестроения» План изучения темы
Краткое изложение теоретических вопросов: Simple Active
Progressive Active
Perfect Active
Задания для самостоятельного выполнения
What was the first car? 1.Several Italians recorded designs for wind driven vehicles. The first was Guido Da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill type drive to gear and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle which was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed a clockwork driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels. 2.A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinand Verbiest has been said to have built a powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since Thomas Newcomen built his first steam engine only in 1712, we guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero’s steam engine, a spinning wheel with jets on the periphery. 3. Newcomen’s engine had a cylinder and a piston and was the first of this kind, and it used steam as a condensing agent to form a vacuum and with an overhead walking beam, pull on a rod to lift water. It was an enormous open boiler piped to the cylinder. It used the same vacuum principle that Thomas Savery had patented to lift water directly with the vacuum, which would have limited his pump to less than 32 feet of lift. Newcomen’s lift would have only been limited by the length of the rod and the strength of the valve at the bottom. 4. Somehow Newcomen was not able to separate his invention from that of Savery and had to pay for Savery’s rights. In 1765 James Watt developed the first pressurized steam engine which proved to be much more efficient and compact than the Newcomen engine. 5. The first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record was designed by Nicholas Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin in 1769. A replica of this vehicle is on display at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, in Paris. The Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D. C. also has a large (half size) scale model. A second unit was built in 1770 which weighed 8,000 pounds and had a top speed on 2 miles per hour, and on the cobble stone streets of Paris this was probably as fast as anyone wanted to go it. The early steam powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron. A road thus made out of iron rails became the norm for the next hundred and twenty five years. The vehicles got bigger and heavier and more powerful and as such they were eventually capable of pulling a train of many cars filled with freight and passengers. 6. Many attempts had been made in England by the 1830’s to develop a practical vehicle that didn’t need rails. A series of accidents and propaganda from the established railroads caused a flurry of restrictive legislation to be passed and the development of the automobile bypasses England. Several commercial vehicles were built but they were more like trains without tracks. 7. The development of the internal combustion engine had to wait until fuel was available to combust internally. Gunpowder was tried but didn’t work out. Gunpowder carburetors are still hard to find. The first gas really did or boiler. A Frenchman named Etienne Lenoir patented the first practical gas engine in Paris in 1860 and drove a car based on the design from Paris to Joinville in 1862. His one-half horse power engine had a bore of 5 inches and a 24 inch stroke. It was big and heavy and turned 100 rpm. Lenoir died in 1900. 8. Lenoir had a separate mechanism to compress the gas before combustion. In 1862, Alphonse Bear de Rochas figured out how to compress the gas in the same cylinder in which it was to burn, which is the way we still do it. This process of bringing the gas into the cylinder, compressing it, combusting the compressed mixture, then exhausting it is known as the Otto cycle, or four cycle engine. Lenoir claimed to have run the car on benzene and his drawings show an electric spark ignition. If so, then his vehicle was the first to run on petroleum based fuel, or petrol, or what we call gas, short for gasoline. 9. Siegfried Marcus, of Mecklenburg, built a car in 1868 and showed one at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873. His later car was called the Strassenwagen had about ¾ horse power at 500 rpm. It ran on crude wooden wheels with iron rims and stopped by pressing wooden blocks against the iron rims, but it had a clutch, a differential and a magneto ignition. One of the four cars which Marcus built is in the Vienna Technical Museum and can still be driven under its own power. In 1876, Nokolaus Otto patented the Otto cycle engine, de Rochas had neglected to do so, and this later became the basis for Daimler and Benz breaking the Otto patent by claiming prior art from de Rochas. 10. In 1885, in Gottlieb Daimler’s workshop in Bad Cannstatt the wooden motorcycle was built. Daimler’s son Paul rode this motorcycle from Cannstatt to Unterturkheim and back on November 10, 1885. Daimler used a hot tube ignition system to get his engine speed up to 1000 rpm. 11. The previous August, Karl Benz had already driven his light, tubular framed tricycle around the Neckar valley, only 60 miles from where Daimler lived and worked. They never met. Frau Berta Benz took Karl’s car one night and made the first long car trip to see her mother, travelling 62 miles from Mannheim to Pforzheim in 1888. 12. Also in August 1888, William Steinway, owner of Steinway and Sons piano factory, talked to Daimler about US manufacturing right and by September had a deal. By 1891 the Daimler Motor company, owned by the Steinway, was producing petrol engines for tramway cars, carriages, quadracycles, fire engines and boats in plant in Hartford. Steam cars had been built in America since the Civil War but the early ones were like miniature locomotives. In 1871, Dr. J.W. Carhart, professor of physics at Wisconsin State University, and the J.I. Case Company built a working steam car. It was practical enough to inspire the State of Wisconsin to offer a $ 10,000 prize to the winner of a 200 moles race in 1878. The 200 mile race had seven entries, of which two showed up for the race. One car was sponsored by the city of Green Bay and the other by the city of Oshkosh. The Green Bay car was the fastest but broke down, and the Oshkosh car finished with an average speed of 6 mph. 13. From this time the end of the century, nearly every community in America had a mad scientist working on a steam car. Many old news papers tell stories about the trials and failures of these would be inventors. 14. By 1890 Ransom E. Olds had built his second steam powered car. One was sold to a buyer in India, but the ship it was on was lost at sea. Running by February, 1893, and ready for road trails by September, 1893, the car built by Charles and Frank Duryea, brothers, was the first gasoline powered car in America. The first run on public roads was made on September 21, 1893, in Springfield. They had purchased a used horse drawn buggy for $ 70 and installed a 4HP, single cylinder gasoline engine. The car had a friction transmission, spray carburetor and low tension ignition. It must not run very well because Frank didn’t drive it again until November 10, when it was reported by the Springfield Morning Union newspaper. Chose the right word and fill in the gaps.
The first automobile companies Henry Ford had an engine running by 1893 but it was 1896 before he built his first car. By the end of the year Ford had sold his first car, which he called a Quadracycle, for $ 200 and used the money to build another one. With the financial backing of the Mayor of Detroit, William C. Maybury and other wealthy Detroiters, Ford formed the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. A few prototypes were built but no production cars were made by this company. It was dissolved in January 1901. Ford would not offer a car for sale until 1903. The first closed circuit automobile race held at Narragansett Park, Rhode Island, in September 1896. All cars were Duryeas and a Morries & Salom Electrobat. Thirteen Duryeas of the same design were produced at the factory in 1896, making it the first production car. In 1898, the brothers Duryea, the owners of the factory, went their separate ways and the Duryea Motor Wagon Company was closed. Charles, who was born in 1861 and was eight years older than Frank, had taken advantage of Frank in publicity and patents. Frank went out on his own and eventually joined with Steven Arms and Tool Company to form the Stevens – Duryea Company which was sold to Westinghouse in 1915. Charles tried to produce some of his own hare-brained ideas with various companies until 1916. Thereafter, he limited himself to writing technical book and articles. He died in 1938. Frank got a half a million dollars for the Westinghouse deal and lived in comfort until his death in 1967, just seven month from his 98th birthday. In 1899, production of the Olds Motor Vehicle Company of Detroit began. After an early failure with luxury vehicles they established the first really successful production with the classic Curved Dash Oldsmobile. The Curved Dash Oldsmobile had a single cylinder engine, tiller steering and chain drive. It sold for $ 650. In 1901, 600 were sold and the next years were 1902 – 2,500, 1903 – 4,000, 1904 – 5,000. In August 1904, Ransom Olds left the company to form Reo (for Ransom Eli Olds). Ransom Eli Olds was the first mass producer of gasoline powered automobiles in the United States, even though Duryea was the first auto manufacturer with their 13 cars. Ransom Olds produced a small number of electric cars around the turn of the century. Little is known about them and none survive. In 1899 and 1900, electrics outsold all other type of cars and the most popular electric was the Columbia built by Colonel Albert August Pope, owner of American Bicycle company. Lutzmann of 1895 by J. A. Koosen and H. Lawson is typical of American design in the mid 1890’. It was a truly horseless carriage. Tiller steering, engine under the floorboards, very high center of gravity, not designed for road travel. Imagine climbing into one of these and trying to drive across town and around a few corners. This Daimler of 1899 was owned by Lionel Rothchild. The European design is much advanced of the American designs of the same time. Gottlieb Daimler took part in the London –to-Brighton run in 1896 but died in 1900 at the age of 66 without ever meeting Benz. His German engines powered the automobile industries of Britain and France. The 1908 Haynes in the back ground shows the rapid development of the petrol powered car when compared to the 1894 model in the foreground. The Rolls Royce silver Ghost of 1906 was a six cylinder car that stayed in production until 1925. It represented the best engineering and technology available at the time and these cars still run smoothly and silently today. This period marked the end of the beginning of the automobile.
How cars changed the country, town by town. In 1903, in Winfield Kansas, Mr. H.T. Trice is seen standing in front of the first car in town. Actually it was more like a truck and was used to haul customers out to see land. The railroads brought potential customers to town and Mr. H.T. Trice picked them up at the depot, and took them out to his new developments. Steam power was widely used in the 1880’s and 1890’s on the farms of America. Cowley County had its share of these behemoths and had a large group of people with the ability to use, and the skill to fix and repair them. The smaller, less expensive automobile, with an internal combustion engine provided a new avenue of interest that was much more personal than the steam engine with its team of attendants. Mr. Martin Baden’s new car was especially built for him and was equipped with all modern appliances. Driving an automobile required a high degree to technical dexterity, mechanical skill, special clothing including hat, gloves, duster coat, goggles and boots. Tires were notoriously unreliable and changing one was an excruciating experience. Fuel was a problem, since gasoline was short supply. Mr. Baden become interested enough to become a self-taught geologist and eventually discover major oil deposits in Cowley County, Kansas, and surrounding area. The drivers of the day were an adventurous lot, going out in every kind of weather, unprotected by an enclosed body, or even a convertible top. Everyone in town knew who owned what car and the cars were soon to become each individual’s token of identity. The dirty roads were a challenge in any weather. By 1910 Winfield paved the downtown street with brick, horses were no longer welcome. The mule drawn trolleys were upgraded to electric streetcars. By 1915 racing had become a passion all over the United States. A typical local race track was at the Cowley County Fairgrounds in Winfield, Kansas. The local obsession with horse racing, started by the earliest settlers in 1870, turned to the new technology of auto racing. Local farm boys who were familiar with motors and equipment used their talents on cars and motorcycles to go faster than anyone
Some Building Professions 1.A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman. He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, Slater-and-tiller, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and wall tiller, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on. 2.Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialties. 3.Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word carpenter, which means a wood or metal framework. 4.Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop *which is not exposed to weather. In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner. 5.Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who sets prepared stones in walls, whether the stone be only facing or to the full wall thickness. 6.Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibrous plaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco. 7.A construction manager, or CM, provides services similar to those of general constructor, but represents client's interest during all phases of the building process — design as well as construction. They are usually paid a negotiated fee for the scope of services rendered. For example, working with the architect during design, the CM provides updated cost projections so that a client will know probable costs, which the project evolves. A general constructor, however, doesn't usually enter the scene until after the design is complete. The CM decides who bids the job, picks up the request for invitation to bid, evaluates the bids, and awards work to the most reasonable bidder. The CM also prepares contracts and sends them out to the subcontractors. The owner signs the contracts with each subcontractor, unlike a general constructor who signs these contracts. As a result, the subcontractors are under the CM's direction. The CM may also be responsible for the safety of workers on the construction site.
Modern Building Materials 1.Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass. 2.Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials. 3.However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes. 4.A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by molding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid. 5.There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar. 6.The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day. 7.It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practice handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position. 8.The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with *the first joints of the fingers1 on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks. 9.Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings. 10.Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone. 11.Metals: Aluminium, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brass is frequently used for decorative purposes in facing. 12.Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction. 13.Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. Moreover, they possess a high resistance to chemical action. 14.A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools. 15.Laminate is a strong material manufactured from many layers of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sandwich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather conditions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a structural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface. 16.Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, available in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial construction. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapor and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed. 17.Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation. For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to. |
Похожие:
 |
Учебное пособие огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык для обучающихся по программе... Учебное пособие по дисциплине огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык для обучающихся по программе подготовки специалистов среднего звена |
 |
Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Профессиональный иностранный язык» Программа курса – представлена в основной образовательной программе впо по направлению подготовки |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс подготовки магистра по профильно-образовательной... Рабочая программа учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык профессионального общения» |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» составлен... Требования гос впо к обязательному минимуму содержания основной образовательной программы подготовки специалиста |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Иностранный язык» Учебно-методический комплекс составлен в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский)» Учебно-методический комплекс составлен в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины иностранный язык второй 100110. 65 «Домоведение» Учебно-методический комплекс составлен на основании требований государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «иностранный (английский) язык» Учебно-методический комплекс составлен в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине иностранный язык делового общения Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» Федеральном государственном стандарте среднего профессионального образования по специальности 151031 Монтаж и техническая эксплуатация... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» Федеральном государственном стандарте среднего профессионального образования по специальности 151031 Монтаж и техническая эксплуатация... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины бд. 2 Иностранный язык Государственное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования «Кузнецкий индустриальный техникум» |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Иностранный язык специальности«Специальность... Учебно-методический комплекс составлен в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Иностранный язык (основной)» Учебно-методический комплекс составлен в соответствии с требованиями государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального... |
|
Методические рекомендации по выполнению самостоятельной работы по... Данные Методические рекомендации по выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисциплине огсэ. 03 Иностранный язык (английский) предназначены... |
|
Учебно-методический комплекс чурапча 2008 Содержание Требования гос... Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессиоанального образования |