Н. С. Кузнецова, Н. А. Шайдорова практикум по стилистике английского языка учебное пособие Великий Новгород
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EXERCISESEX. 1. Discuss the interaction between the nominal and the contextual logical meanings and the associations caused by the latter in the following examples of antonomasia: 1. Kate kept him because she knew lie would do anything in the world if he were paid to do it or was afraid not to do it. She had no illusions about him. In her business Joes were necessary. (St.) 2. In the dining-room stood a sideboard laden with glistening decanters and other utilities and ornaments in glass, the arrangement of which could not be questioned. Here was something Hurstwood knew about . . . He took no little satisfaction in telling each Mary, shortly after she arrived, something of what the art of the thing required. (Dr.) 3. (The actress is all in tears). Her manager: "Now what's all this Tosca stuff about?" (S. M.) 4. "Christ, it's so funny I could cut my throat. Madame Bovary at Columbia Extension School!" (S.) 5. "You'll be helping the police, I expect," said Miss Cochran. "I was forgetting that you had such a reputation as Sherlock." (D. S.) 6. Duncan was a rather short, broad, dark-skinned taciturn hamlet of a fellow with straight black hair. (D.H.L.) 7. Every Caesar has its Brutus. (O.H.) EX. 2. State the number and quality of simple metaphors comprising the following sustained metaphors: 1. The stethoscope crept over her back. “Cough . . . Breathe . . ." Tap, tap. What was he hearing? What changes were going on in her body? What was her lung telling him through the thick envelope of her flesh, through the wall of her ribs and her shoulders? (D. C.) 2. The artistic centre of Galloway is Kirkcudbright, where the painters form a scattered constellation, whose nucleus is in the High Street, and whose outer stars twinkle in remote hillside cottages, radiating brightness as far as gatehouse of Fleet. (D. S.) 3. The slash of sun on the wall above him slowly knifes down, cuts across his chest, becomes a coin on the floor and vanishes. (U.) 4. His countenance beamed with the most sunny smiles; laughter played around his lips, and good-humoured merriment twinkled in his eye. (D.) 5. The music came to him across the now bright, now dull, slowly burning cigarette of each man’s life, telling him its ancient secret of all men, intangible, unfathomable defying long-winded description . . . (J.) 6. She had tripped into the meadow to teach the lambs a pretty educational dance and found that the lambs were wolves. There was no way out between their pressing gray shoulders. She was surrounded by fangs and sneering eyes. She could not go on enduring the hidden derision. She wanted to flee. She wanted to hide in the generous indifference of cities. (S. L.) 7. As he walks along Potter Avenue the wires at their silent height strike into and through the crowns of the breathing maples. At the next corner, where the water from the ice-plant used to come down, sob into a drain, and reappear on the other side of the street. Rabbitt crosses over and walks beside the gutter where the water used to run coating the shallow side of its course with ribbons of green slime waving and waiting to slip under your feet and dunk you if you dared walk on them. (U.) 8. I have been waiting to talk to you - to have you to myself, no less - until I could chase my new book out of the house. I thought it never would go. Its last moments lingered on and on. It got up, turned again, took off its gloves, again sat down, reached the door, came back until finally M. marked it down, lassoed it with a stout string, and hurled it at Pinker. Since then there’s been an ominous silence. (K.M.) 9. His dinner arrived, a plenteous platter of food - but no plate. He glanced at his neighbors. Evidently plates were an affectation frowned upon in the Oasis. Taking up a tarnished knife and fork, he pushed aside the underbrush of onions and came face to face with his steak. First impressions are important, and Bob Eden knew at once that this was no meek, complacent opponent that confronted him. The steak looked back at him with an air of defiance that was amply justified by what followed. After a few moments of unsuccessful battling, he summoned the sheik. "How about a steel knife?" he inquired. "Only got three and they're all in use," the waiter replied. Bob Eden resumed the battle, his elbows held close, his muscles swelling. With set teeth and grim face he bore down and cut deep. There was a terrific screech as his I knife skidded along the platter, and to his horror he saw the steak rise from its bed of gravy and onions and fly from him. It traveled the grimy counter for a second, then dropped on to the knees of the girl and thence to the floor. Eden turned to meet her blue eyes filled with laughter. "Oh, I’m sorry," he said. "I thought it was a steak, and it seems to be a lap dog." (E. D. B.) 10. Directly he saw those rolling chalk hills he was conscious of a difference in himself and in them. The steaming stew-pan that was London was left to simmer under its smoky sky, while these great rolling spaces sunned themselves as they had sunned themselves in the days of: the Barrow men. (W. D.) EX. 3. Analyze the following cases of personification: 1. On this dawn of October, 1885, she stood by her kitchen window . . . watching another dismal and rainy day emerge from the womb of the expiring night. And such an ugly, sickly-looking baby she thought it was that, so far as she was concerned, it could go straight back where it came from. (P. M.) 2. He was fainting from sea-sickness, and a roll of the ship tilled him over the rail on to the smooth lip of the deck. Then a low, gray mother-wave swung out of the fog, tucked Harvey under one arm, so to speak, and pulled him off and away to lee-ward; the great green closed over him, and he went quietly to sleep. (R. K.) 3. A dead leaf fell in Soapy's lap. That was Jack Frost's card. Jack is kind to the regular denizens of Madison Square, and gives fair warning of his annual call. At the corners of four streets he hands his pasteboard to the North Wind, footman of the mansion of All Outdoors, so that the inhabitants thereof may make ready. (O.H.) 4. Dexter watched from the veranda of the Golf Club, matched the even overlap of the waters in the little wind, silver molasses under the harvest moon. Then the moon held a finger to her lips and the lake became a clear pool, pale and quiet. (Sc. F.) 5. Here and there a Joshua tree stretched out hungry black arms as though to seize these travelers by night, and over that gray waste a dismal wind moaned constantly, chill and keen and biting. (E. D. B.) 6. The Face of London was now strangely altered…the voice of Mourning was heard in every street. (D. D.). 7. Mother Nature always blushes before disrobing. (E.) 8. The rainy night had ushered in a misty morning, half frost, half drizzle, and temporary brooks crossed our path, gurgling from the uplands. (E. Br.) EX. 4. Differentiate between trite and original metonymies: 1…for every look that passed between them, and word they spoke, and every card they played, the dwarf had eyes and ears. (D.) 2. “…he had a stinking childhood.” “If it was so stinking why does he cling to it?” “Use your head. Can't you see it's just that Rusty feels safer in diapers than he would in skirts?” (T. C.) 3. “Some remarkable pictures in this room, gentlemen. A Holbein, two Van Dycks, and, if I am not mistaken, a Velasquez. I am interested in pictures!” (Ch.) 4. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer invented bloomers in 1849 for the very daring sport of cycling. (D.W.) 5. “I shall enjoy a bit of a walk.” “It's raining, you know.” “I know. I've got a Burberry.” (Ch.) 6. Two men in uniforms were running heavily to the administration building. As they ran, Christian saw them throw away their rifles. They were portly men who looked like advertisements for Munich beer, and running came yard to them… The first prisoner stopped and picked up one of the discarded rifles. He did not fire it, but carried it as he chased the guards… He swung the rifle like a club, and one of the beer advertisements went down. (I. Sh.) 7. I get my living by the sweat of my brow. (D.) 8. I crossed a high toll bridge and negotiated a no man's land and came to the place where the Stars and Stripes stood shoulder to shoulder with the Union Jack. (St.) 9. Tom and Roger came back to eat an enormous tea and then played tennis till light failed. (S. M.) 10. I hope you will be able to send your mother something from time to time, as we can give her a roof over her head, a place to sleep and eat but nothing else. (J. O'H.) 11. Being tired and dirty for days at a time and then having to give up because flesh and blood just couldn’t stand it. (S. M.) 12…the watchful Mrs. Snagsby is there too - bone of his bone, flesh of his flesh, shadow of his shadow. (D.) 13. Joe Bell’s is a quiet place compared to most Lexington Avenue bars. It boasts neither neon nor television. (T.C.) 14. She was a sunny, happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle. (Ch.) 15. To hell with Science! I have to laugh when I read some tripe these Journalists write about it… What has Science done for Modern Man? (P.) 16. It’s the inside of the man, the warm heart of the man, the passion of the man, the fresh blood of the man…that I speak of. (D) 17. The streets were bedded with six inches of cold, soft carpet, churned to a dirty brown by the crush of teams and the feet of men. Along Broadway men picked their way in ulsters and umbrellas. (Dr.) 18. Up the Square, from the corner of King Street, passed a woman in a new bonnet with pink strings, and a new blue dress that sloped at the shoulders and grew to a vast circumference at the hem. Through the silent sunlit solitude of the Square…this bonnet and this dress floated northwards in search of romance. (A. B.) 19. “I never saw a Phi Beta Kappa wear a wrist watch.” (J. O'H.) EX. 5. Analyze the following cases of irony, paying attention to the length of the context necessary to realize it: 1. Contentedly Sam Clark drove off, in the heavy traffic of three Fords and the Minniemashie House Free Bus. (S.L.) 2. Stoney smiled the sweet smile of an alligator. (St.) 3. Henry could get gloriously tipsy on tea and conversation. (A. H.) 4. She had so painfully reared three sons to be Christian gentlemen that one of them had become an Omaha bartender, one a professor of Greek, and one, Cyrus N. Hogart, a boy of fourteen who was still at home, the most brazen member of the toughest gang in Boytown. (S.L.) 5. Even at this affair, which brought out the young smart set, the hunting squire set, the respectable intellectual set, they sat up with gaiety as with a corpse. (S.L.) 6. “If there's a war, what are you going to be in?” Liphook asked. “The Government, I hope,” Tom said, “Touring the lines in an armored car, my great belly shaking like a jelly. Hey did you hear that? That’s poetry” (J. Br.). 7. He could walk and run, was full of exact knowledge about God, and entertained no doubt concerning the special partiality of a minor deity called Jesus towards himself. (A.B.) 8. Try this one, “The Eye of Osiris.” Great stuff. All about a mummy. Or Kennedy’s “Corpse on the Mat” - that's nice and light and cheerful, like its title. (D.S.) 9. Blodgett College is on the edge of Minneapolis. It is a bulwark of sound religion. It is still combating the recent heresies of Voltaire, Darwin and Robert Ingersoll. Pious families in Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Dakotas send their children thither, and Blodgett protects them from the wickedness of the universities. (S. L.) 10….the old lady…ventured to approach Mr. Benjamin Alien with a few comforting reflections of which the chief were, that after all, it was well it was no worse; the least said the soonest mended, and upon her word she did not know that it was so very bad after all; that what was over couldn't be begun and what couldn't be cured must be endured, with various other assurances of the like novel and strengthening description. (D.) 11. Poetry deals with primal and conventional things - the hunger for bread, the love of woman, the love of children, the desire for immortal life. If men really had new sentiments, poetry could not deal with them. If, let us say, a man did not feel a bitter craving to eat bread; but did, by way of substitute, feel a fresh, original craving to eat fenders or mahogany tables, poetry could not express him. If a man, instead of falling in love with a woman, fell in love with a fossil or a sea anemone poetry could not express him. Poetry can only express what is original in one sense - the sense in which we speak of original sin. It is original not in the paltry sense of being new, but in the deeper sense of being old; it is original in the sense that it deals with origins. (G. K. Ch.) 12. But every Englishman is born with a certain miraculous power that makes him master of the world. As the great champion of freedom and national independence he conquers and annexes half the world and calls it Colonization. (B. Sh.) 13. All this blood and fire business tonight was probably part of the graft to get the Socialists chucked out and leave honest business men safe to make their fortunes cut of murder. (L. Ch.) EX. 6. Compare hyperbole and understatement: 1. (John Bidlake feels an oppression in the stomach after supper): “It must have been that caviar,” he was thinking. “That beastly caviar.” He violently hated caviar. Every sturgeon in the Black Sea was his personal enemy. (A. H.) 2....he was all sparkle and glitter in the box at the Opera (D.) 3. “You remember that awful dinner dress we saw in Bonwit’s window . . . She had it on. And all hips. 4. Calpurnia was all angles and bones; her hand was as wide as a bed slat and twice as hard. (H. L.) 5. This boy, headstrong, willful, and disorderly as he is, should not have one penny of my money, or one crust of my bread, or one grasp of my hand, to save him from the loftiest gallows in all Europe. (D.) 6. They were under a great shadowy train shed with passenger cars all about and the train moving at a snail pace. (Dr.) 7. She would recollect and for a fraction of a fraction of a second she would think “Oh, yes, I remember,” and build up an explanation on the recollection. (J.O’H.) 8. Her eyes were open, but only just. “Don't move the tiniest part of an inch.” (S.) 9. The little woman, for she was of pocket size, crossed her hands solemnly on her middle. (G.) EX. 7. Analyze the following examples of developed hyperbole: 1. The fact is that while in the county they were also in the district; and no person who lives in the district, even if he should be old and have nothing to do but reflect upon things in general, ever thinks about the county. So far as the county goes, the district might as well be in the middle of the Sahara. It ignores the county, save that it uses it nonchalantly sometimes as leg-stretcher on holiday afternoons, as a man may use his back garden. It has nothing in common with the county; is richly sufficient in itself. (A. B.) 2. In the intervening forty years Saul Pengarth had often been moved to anger; but what was in him now had room for thirty thousand such angers and all the thunder that had ever crackled across the sky. (M. W.) 3. George, Sixth Viscount Uffenham, was a man built on generous lines. It was as though Nature had originally intended to make two Viscounts but had decided halfway through to use all the material at one go, and get the thing over with. In shape he resembled a pear, being reasonably narrow at the top but getting wider all the way down and culminating in a pair of boots of the outsize or violin-case type. Above his great spreading steppes of body there was poised a large and egglike head, the bald dome of which rose like some proud mountain peak from a foothill fringe of straggling hair. His upper lip was very long and straight, his chin pointed. (P. G. W.) 4. Those three words ‘Dombey and Son’ conveyed the one idea of Mr. Dombey’s life. The earth was made for Dombey and Son to trade in, and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to float their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their orbits to preserve a system of which they were the centre. Common abbreviations took new meanings in his eyes and had sole reference to them: A.D. had no concern with Anno Domini, but stood for Anno Dombey and Son. (D.) EX. 8. Discuss the structure of epithets: 1. "Can you tell me what time that game starts today?" The girl gave him a lipsticky smile. (S.) 2. The day was windless, unnaturally mild; since morning the sun had tried to penetrate the cloud, and now above the Mall, the sky was still faintly luminous, colored like water over sand. (Hut.) 3. Silent early morning dogs parade majestically pecking and choosing judiciously whereon to pee. (St.) 4. The hard chairs were the newlywed-suit kind often on show in the windows of shops. (K.A.) 5. ...whispered the spinster aunt with true spinster-aunt-like envy... (D.) 6. I closed my eyes, smelling the goodness of her sweat and the sunshine-in-the-breakfast-room smell of her lavender-water. (J. Br.) 7. Stark stared at him reflectively, that peculiar about to laugh, about to cry, about to sneer expression on his face. (J.) 8. Eden was an adept at bargaining, but somehow all his cunning left him as he faced this Gibraltar of a man. (E. D. B.) 9. At his full height he was only up to her shoulder, a little dried-up pippin of a man. (G.) 10. "Thief," Pilon shouted. "Dirty pig of an untrue friend." (St.) 11. An ugly gingerbread brute of a boy with a revolting grin and as far as I was able to ascertain, no redeeming qualities of any sort. (P. G. W.) 12. A breeze blew curtains in and out like pale flags, twisting them up toward the frosted wedding-cake of the ceiling. (Sc. F.) EX. 9. Analyze the following string-epithets as to the length of the string and the quality of its components: 1. She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly longing for something better. (Dr.) 2. The money she had accepted was two soft, green, handsome ten-dollar bills. (Dr.) 3. "You're a scolding, unjust, abusive, aggravating, bad old creature!" cried Bella. (D.) 4. Jack would have liked to go over and kiss her pure, polite, earnest, beautiful American forehead. (I. Sh.) 5. "Now my soul, my gentle, captivating, bewitching, and most damnably enslaving chick-a-biddy, be calm, said Mr. Mantalini.(D.) 6. It was an old, musty, fusty, narrow-minded, clean and bitter room. (R. Ch.) 7. “You nasty, idle, vicious, good-for-nothing brute,” cried the woman, stamping on the ground, "why don't you turn the mangle?" (D.) 8. And he watched her eagerly, sadly, bitterly, ecstatically, as she walked lightly from him... (Dr.) 9. There was no intellectual pose in the laugh that flowed, ribald, riotous, cockney, straight from the belly. (D. du M.) 10. Mrs. Bogart was not the acid type of Good Influence. She was the soft, damp, fat, sighing, indigestive, clinging, melancholy, depressingly hopeful kind. (S. L.) 11. "A nasty, ungrateful, pig-headed, brutish, obstinate, peaking dog," exclaimed Mrs. Squeers. (D.) 12. They thought themselves superior. And so did Eugene — the wretched creature! The cheap, mean, nasty, selfish upstarts! Why, the majority of them had nothing. (Dr.) EX. 10. Pick out metaphorical epithets: 1. The iron hate in Saul pushed him on again. He heard the man crashing off to his right through some bushes. The stems and twigs waved frantically with the frightened movement of the wind. (M. W.) 2. She had received from her aunt a neat, precise, and circumstantial letter. (W. D.) 3. There was an adenoidal giggle from Audrey. (St. B.) 4. Liza Hamilton was a very different kettle of Irish. Her head was small and round and it held small and round convictions. (St.) 5. He would sit on the railless porch with the men when the long, tired, dirty-faced evening rolled down the narrow valley, thankfully blotting out the streets of shacks, and listen to the talk. (J.) 6. There was his little scanty traveling clothes upon him. There was his little scanty box outside in the shivering wind. (D.) 7. His dry tailored voice was capable of more light and shade than Catherine had supposed (Hut.) 8. All at once there is a goal, a path through the shapeless day. (A. M.) 9. With his hand he shielded his eye against the harsh watty glare from the naked bulb over the table. (S.) EX. 11. Speak about morphological, syntactical and semantic characteristics of epithets: 1. "It ain't o' no use. Sir," said Sam, again and again. "He's a malicious, bad-disposed, vordly-minded, spiteful, windictive creetur, with a hard heart as there ain't no soft' nin.'' (D.) 2. I pressed half a crown into his ready palm and left. (W. Q.) 3. Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. (H. L.) 4. He viewed with swift horror the pit into which he had tumbled, the degraded days, unworthy desires, wrecked faculties and base motives that made up his existence. (O. H.) 5. Cecily, ever since I first looked at your wonderful and incomparable beauty, I have dared to love you wildly, impassionately, devotedly, hopelessly. (O. W.) 6. The noon sun is lighting up red woundlike stains t»ii their surfaces. . . (A. M.) 7. He was young and small and almost as dark as a Negro, and there was a quick monkey-like roguishness lo ins face as he grabbed the letter, winked at Bibi and lint the door. (T. C.) 8. . . . the open-windowed, warm spring nights were heard with the party sounds, the loud-playing phonograph and martini laughter that emanated from Apartment (I.C.) 9. A spasm of high-voltage nervousness ran through him. (T. H.) 10. "Fool," said the old man bitingly. (Ch.) 11. He had been called many things — loan-shark, l'intlint, tightwad pussyfoot — but he had never before been called a flirt. (S. I.) EX. 12. Suggest the object the quality of which was used in the following transferred epithets: 1. He was a thin wiry man with a tobacco-stained smile. (T. H.) 2. He sat with Daisy in his arms for a long silent time. (Sc. F.) 3. There was a waiting silence as the minutes of the previous hearing were read. (M. W.) 4. He drank his orange-juice in long cold gulps. (I.Sh.). 5. The only place left was the deck strewn with nervous cigarette butts and sprawled legs. (J.) 6. Leaving indignant suburbs behind them they finally plunged into Oxford Street. (Ch.) 7. Nick smiled sweatily. (H.) 8. She watched his tall quick step through the radiance of the corner streetlight. (St.) 9. Lottie retreated at once with her fat little steps to the safety of her own room. (Hut.) 10. . . .boys and young men . . . talking loudly in the concrete accents of the N. Y. streets. (I. Sh.) EX. 13. Discuss the structure of the following oxymorons: 1. They looked courteous curses at me. (St.) 2. He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. (I. Sh.) 3. He was certain the whites could easily detect his adoring hatred of them. (Wr.) 4. It was an unanswerable reply and silence prevailed again. (D.) 5. Her lips...were...livid scarlet. (S.M.) 6. The boy was short and squat with the broad ugly pleasant face of a Ternne. (Gr. Gr.) 7. A very likeable young man, Bill Eversleigh. Age at a guess, twenty-five, big and rather ungainly in his movements, a pleasantly ugly face, a splendid set of white teeth and a pair of honest blue eyes. (Ch.) 8. From the bedroom beside the sleeping-porch, his wife's detestably cheerful "Time to get up, Georgie boy." (S. L.) 9. The little girl who had done this was eleven — beautifully ugly as little girls are apt to be who are destined after a few years to be inexpressibly lovely. (Sc. F.) 10. Huck Finn and Holden Caulfield are Good Bad Boys of American literature. (V.) 11. ...a neon sign which reads, "Welcome to Reno, the biggest little town in the world." (A. M.) 12. "Tastes like rotten apples," said Adam. "Yes, but remember, Jam Hamilton said like good rotten apples." (St.) 13. "It was you who made me a liar," she cried silently. (M. W.) 14. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than thunder. (U.) 15. I got down off that stool and walked to the door in a silence that was as loud as a ton of coal going down a chute. (R. Ch.) 16. I've made up my mind. If you're wrong, you're wrong in the right way. (P.) 17. Heaven must be the hell of a place. Nothing but repentant sinners up there, isn't it? (Sh. D.) 18. Soapy walked eastward through a street damaged by improvements . . . He seemed doomed to liberty! (O. H.) EX. 14. Classify the following into zeugmas and semantically false chains: 1. Mr. Stiggins . . . took his hat and his leave. (D.) 2. Disco was working in all his shore dignity and a pair of beautiful carpet slippers. (R. K.) 3. Aunt Trundle was in high feather and spirits . . . All the girls were in tears and white muslin. (D.) 4. She put on a white frock that suited the sunny riverside and her. (S. M.) 5. The fat boy went into the next room; and having been absent about a minute, returned with the snuff-box and the palest face that ever a fat boy wore. (D.) 6. She had her breakfast and her bath. (S. M.) 7. Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. (D.) 8. A young girl who had a yellow smock and a cold in the head that did not go on too well together, was helping an old lady . . . (P.) 9. ...the outside passengers...remain where they are, and stamp their feet against the coach to warm them — looking with longing eyes and red noses at the bright fire in the inn bar. (D.) 10. Cyrus Trask mourned for his wife with a keg of whisky and three old army friends. (St.) 11. Its atmosphere and crockery were thick, its napery and soup were thin. (O. H.) 12. Mr. Smangle was still engaged in relating a long story, the chief point of which appeared to be that, on some occasion particularly stated and set forth, he had "done a bill and a gentleman at the same time. (D.) 13. He struck off his pension and his head together. (D.) 14. Sophia lay between blankets in the room overhead with a feverish cold. This cold and her new dress were Mrs. Baine's sole consolation at the moment. (A. B.) 15. From her earliest infancy Gertrude had been brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohamedanism to make sure. (L.) 16. ...he's a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don’t share his fixations, of which Holly is one. Some others are: ice hockey, Weimaraner dogs, 'Our Gal Sunday' (a soap serial he has listened to for fifteen years), and Gilbert and Sullivan — he claims to be related to one or the other, I can't remember which. (T. C.) 17. But she heard and remembered discussions of Freud, Romain Rolland, syndicalism, the Confederation Generale du Travail, feminism vs. haremism, Chinese lyrics, naturalization of mines, Christian Science, and fishing in Ontario. (S.L.) 18. Only at the annual balls of the Firemen...was there such prodigality of chiffon scarfs and tangoing and heart-burnings. (S. L.) 19. Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin prettiness, devoted to experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandalbearing, shook her finger at Carol. (S. L.) 20. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and high temperature. (G.) 21. A Governess wanted. Must possess knowledge of Rumanian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, German, Music and Mining Engineering. (L.) SYNTACTICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Syntactical SD deal with the syntactical arrangement of the utterance which creates the emphasis of the latter irrespective of the lexical meanings of the employed units. It should be observed here that oral speech is normally more emphatic than the written type of speech. Various syntactical structures deliberately employed by the author as SD for the creation of the proper effect, in oral speech are used automatically as a norm of oral intercourse and are not to be considered SD. But when these syntactical oral norms are intentionally imitated by the writer to produce the effect of authenticity and naturalness of dialogue we may speak of his preliminary deliberate choice of most suitable structures and of their preconceived usage, i.e. syntactical norms of oral speech, interpreted and arranged by the writer, become SD in belles-lettres style. Though, while analyzing them we should always keep in mind that their employment as SD is secondary to their normative usage in oral speech and that their primary function as SD is to convey the effect of ease and naturalness of the characters' speech. Depending upon the part of the syntactical structure that is endowed with contextual meaning to create the emphasis of the whole structure we differentiate the following syntactical SD: (1) Inversion deals with the displacement of the predicate (which is the case complete inversion) or will the displacement of secondary members of the sentence (which is the case of |
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