Инструкция по работе с учебно-методическим пособием Контрольные работы

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Название	Инструкция по работе с учебно-методическим пособием Контрольные работы
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The molecular theory of matter and the states of matter

1. Molecules are too small and are not seen under the most powerful microscope, but the movement of molecules can be made more real by a study of the so-called Brownian movement. Robert Brown, a botanist, observed in 1827 that small solid particles suspended in a liquid were in continual movement.

2. In fact the chief characteristic of matter is its eternal restlessness, and the degree of restlessness is determined by the state of matter under observation; i.e.1 whether it be solid, liquid or gas. In gases molecules lead more or less independent existence and are moving with high speed in all directions; and the molecules must be continually colliding with each other and striking the walls of the vessel, and so exert pressure. A gas, therefore, has no definite shape or volume, and can be readily compressed.

3. The molecules of a liquid can move sufficiently freely and allow the liquid to take up the shape bf the vessel; but the attractive forces between the molecules, which are much closer together and moving more slowly than in a gas, do not permit the liquid to be compressed to any extent2 nor to vary its volume. A liquid, therefore, has a definite volume but not fixed shape, and is slightly compressible. In solids the freedom of the molecules must be very restricted and their motion is probably confined to small oscillations only, and must be greatly hampered by the nearness of neighboring molecules. A solid, therefore, has both definite shape and volume, and is very difficult to compress.

4. The rates of motion of molecules have an important influence on chemical changes. They occur most readily when molecules are moving freely, i.e. in gases; and chemical activity is least pronounced4 in solids, where the movement of molecules is slight.

Контрольная работа №2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the size and positions of bodies in the Universe.

b) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.

2. The launching of Sputnik was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

The formula E=mc deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.
Optics is often difficult to repair if broken.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы.
Elements (A Short Historical Background)
1. We meet the idea of an element very early in our study of chemistry. The ancients suspected that there must be some very simple substances from which more complicated ones were built. At one time1 they thought that everything might be made up of earth, air and water; these got the name "element" which comes from the same word as "elementary" or simple.

2. This idea, though wrong, is still a rather important one. The first man to recognize the modern type of clement was Robert Boyle in the middle of seventeenth century. His idea was that an element was just something which could not be broken down chemically into anything simpler. He knew of metals like iron, copper, tin, lead, gold and silver and non-metals like carbon and sulphur, all the gases being called "air".

3. In the years since Boyle first defined an element in the modern sense2 over one hundred different ones have been defined. Some of these are rather common and well-known but quite a lot3 are man-made. Examples are mendeleyevium, nobelium and lawrencium. One of the first distinctions between elements was the division into metals and non-metals.

4. We have seen that a dull-red mercuric oxide is decomposed into mercury and oxygen. The weights of oxygen and mercury obtained are together equal to the weight of mercuric oxide. Similarly, water is decomposed by electrolysis into oxygen and hydrogen. No chemist, however, has been able to separate any other substances from mercury, oxygen or hydrogen: these three substances are known, therefore, as elements. An element is a substance which, so far as is known, contains only one kind of atom. It has been found possible to resolve all known substances into about 109 elements: many of these elements are rare, and relatively few are common in nature.

5. Sugar, starch, cellulose, wood and paper, for example, differ from one another in many ways, yet each of these substances is composed of the same three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Just as several thousand bricks may be arranged to form many different types of buildings, so may the atoms of elements be arranged in different ways to form molecules of different types of matter. Astronomers have found that the same elements which are common on Earth, e.g. nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen, are also the commonest in the Sun and other stars. Thus elements are the primary building materials of the Universe.
Контрольная работа №3

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. Mention should be made that during the war the radar was being used for detecting airplanes.

Any explanation of how the sun generates heat by fission would have been impossible 60 years ago.
If we had used solar energy on a wide scale we should have found a solution to all energy problems.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

The atoms are usually combined chemically into groups called molecules, these molecules being in constant motion.
In order to calculate the volume of any object you must measure its height, width and depth.
The rays passing through the object being examined produce an image on X-ray film.
The engineers are interested in plastics because they offer a rare combination of properties found in no other materials.
Electrical forces seem to play a very important part in holding crystals together.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов,

As to this device it is capable to convert sunlight to another form of energy.
Neither plastics nor metals have all the desirable properties that the engineer looks for.
The structure of the atom is similar to a planetary system since electrons orbit around a central nucleus.

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4 абзацы.
X-rays

The modern atomic age which we live in began because of an accidental discovery. In 1895 a German scientist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays. Many scientists had studied these rays but no one had discovered that when these cathode rays struck the glass wall of Crookes tube X-rays were created.
Roentgen also revealed that these X-rays could pass through solid matter and expose in X-ray film. This discovery led immediately to the use of X-rays in medicine, a use we are familiar with.
Although Roentgen discovered the properties of X-rays he did not know what the rays were. He therefore called them X-rays, the X standing for their unknown nature. Today scientists know X-rays to be electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency and therefore of extremely short wave length. X-rays are considered to be produced whenever rapidly moving electrons bombard any solid material. The greater the atomic weight of the material, the more plentiful the X-rays, the greater the speed of the electrons the higher the frequency of the X-rays.

As mentioned above X-rays were in a wide use for diagnostic purposes in medicine since their discovery. Industrial radiology has been discovered later particularly for inspecting welds and castings in the automobile and airplane industries. Flaws and cracks inside the metal are readily revealed due to the use of X-ray techniques. Famous paintings are often X-rayed to determine whether they are the originals or forgeries.
Using X-rays- irradiation the scientists have learnt to change structures of well-known materials such as metals, ceramics, etc. They could obtain materials, of greater strength with higher melting point and particular electrical properties.
Radiation is known to be a mutagenic agent. In microbiology mutations are increased by irradiation. When a large-scale production of penicillin was introduced the best strain yielded 100-200 units of penicillin. Being irradiated with X-rays, the same strain produced more than 1.000 units. Many new uses have been found for this treatment, in agriculture.

Контрольная работа № 4
1.Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –S, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. является ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

с) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland (the UK) occupies most of the territory of the British Isles.

2. The sea has a great effect on England’s climate.

3. London’s population is nearly 7 million.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы степеней сравнения прилагательных, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The longest & the most important river in England is the Thames.

2. Scotland is the most northern part of the Island of Great Britain.

3. The UK is twice smaller than France or Spain.

3.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain is an island State.

2. Leeds is the centre of the cotton industry.

3. Public schools are free from state control.

4. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы.

Easter

1. Easter: the most important celebration in the Christian world. In the Orthodox Church, Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday following the first full moon after the spring Solstice, one week after the Jewish passah. Easter is preceded by seven weeks of fasting, commencing immediately after Shrove Tuesday. Hove week, symbolically connected with Christ’s last days on earth, comes immediately before Easter. The church services begin one day earlier, on Easter Saturday. During Easter, the Gospel is read in different languages. Yet, the egg itself is an ancient symbol of life, its incomprehensibility and its return. During the Easter celebrations, eggs bearing the letters XB, or the words.

2. “Christ has risen – Xristos Woskrese”, are placed on tables. In Russia, Easter eggs, or “krashenki” are works of art unto themselves, frequently assuming the form of miniature icons. One of the traditional Easter treats is a special sweet soft cheese knows as Pasha, as well as kulitshi, or Easter cake, which is blessed in the church. Yet, the main Easter treat is the painted eggs and the kulitsh with the letters XB – “Christ has risen”

Вариант №4

Контрольная работа № 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific center.
A curriculum of the new type of secondary school is offered by the Ministry of Education.
The research of planets will be developed with the help of cosmic apparatus.
This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

2. Перепишете следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.
This metro station was opened last year, and that one will be put into operation in two years.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.
The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

The methods we have just described are very effective.
The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

5. Перепишете следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

The teacher told her students to learn the poem by heart.
The Russia was the first country to send man into space.
To translate a sentence is to discover its meaning.
The working people all over the world are uniting to fight the threat of a new war.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 абзацы.
Industrial automation

1. The uses of automation in the manufacturing and allied industries are many and varied. The greatest progress in industrial automation has so far been made in the chemical and allied industries, particularly those involving continuous production1 as opposed to batch manufacture, 2 e.g. oil refineries, where chemical reactants are relatively stable and well defined. There the reactants are moved through a constant process pattern, and the controller supervises the whole operation and keeps it in a stable and optimum state by a network of sensors, actuators and feedback units. Moreover the controllers themselves can alter their own configuration to change the composition and quantity of products and raw materials by means of special programs.

2. The advanced control system is an example of automation known by the term "direct digital control" (D.D.C.) in which the computer completely controls the operation and for which computer programs should be devised to optimize conditions and cope with various situations. Indeed, D.D.C. is being widely used in the chemical and other industries, particularly since relatively cheap, highly reliable and rather small in size computers are now available. In chemical plants a scanner examines inputs from sensors at a rate of about one per second, this rate increasing in emergencies. During the time intervals between successive scans the computer carries out a vast number of calculations in order to take a decision about optimum conditions; its instructions, which should be in a digital form, are then conveyed to the actuator (valves, etc.) via an analogue-digital converter11 that changes digital signals into analogue ones. The operator is watching the digits on a display, but he doesn't deal with programming.

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