Практикум по курсу “ история английского языка” учебно-методические материалы
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THE GOOD SAMARITAN This version of the parable of the good samaritan (Luke 10:3036) is from a late translation of the Gospels. Sum man ferde fram Hierusalem to Hiericho, and becom on A certain man went from Jerusalem to Jericho, and came upon ða sceaðan; þa hine bereafodon and tintregodon hine, and forleton hine the thieves; they him robbed and tormented him, and left him samcucene. Đa gebyrode hit þæt sum sacerd ferde on þam ylcan half-alive. Then happened it that a certain priest went on the same wege, and þa he þæt geseah, he hine forbeah. And eall swa se way, and when he that saw, he him passed by. And also this diacon, þa he wæs wið þa stowe and þæt geseah, he hyne eac forbeah. deacon, when he was at the place and that saw, he him also passed by Đa ferde sum Samaritanisc man wið hine; þa he hine geseah, þa Then went a certain Samaritan man by him; when he him saw, then wearð he mid mildheortnesse ofer hine astyred. Đa genealæhte he, became he with compassion for him stirred up. Then drew near he, and wrað his wunda and on ageat ele and win, and hine on hys nyten and bound his wounds and poured on oil and wine, and him on his beast sette, and gelædde on his læcehus and hine lacnode; and brohte set, and led to his hospital and him medicated; and brought oðrum dæge twegen penegas, and sealde þam læce, and þus on the second day two pennies, and gave to the doctor, and thus cwæð, “Begym hys, and swa hwæt swa þu mare to gedest, said, “ Take care of his, and whatsoever thou more besides dost, þonne ic cume, ic hit forgylde þe.” Hwylc þara þreora þyncð þe when I come, I it will repay thee.” Which of the three seems to thee þæt sy þæs mæg þe on ða sceaðan befeoll? that may be that one’s neighbour who among the thieves fell? QUESTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS PROTO-GERMANIC PHONETICS 1. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Sanskrit demonstrative pronoun tad and comment on consonantal correspondences between the two cognate words. 2. Which of the personal pronouns in the text is related to the Greek demonstrative (e)keĩnos and Russian сей? Substantiate your choice. 3. Find in the text the OE equivalent of the Latin pronoun quid and comment upon the phonetic difference between the two cognates. 4. Explain the absence of [n] in ōþrum (Nom.sg ōþer) and its presence in its Modern German counterpart ander (Sanskrit antaras, Lithuanian añtras). Comment on both vowel and consonantal differences between the cognate words. 5. Which of the prepositions used in the text is etymologically related to Sanskrit madhya – (noun) and Latin medius (adjective)? Explain both vowel and consonantal differences between the three cognates. 6. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Russian preposition до and comment on the phonetic difference between the two cognates. 7. Find in the text the OE noun etymologically related to the Russian noun дёготь (the latter is a Baltic borrowing, cf. Lithuanian degti “to burn”). Taking into account the Sanskrit verb form dahati “(it) burns”, reconstruct the root of this verb in Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic. 8. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Latin verb vertere (Russian вертеть) and explain the consonantal correspondences in the cognate words. 9. Which of the OE verbs used in the text is etymologically related to the Latin verb venīre (Sanskrit gam)? Substantiate your choice. 10. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Latin sēmivīvus and explain the phonetic correspondences between the two cognates. 11. Explain the phonetic differences between the OE noun weZ used in the text and its Gothic counterpart wigs. Reconstruct the root in Proto-Indo-European on the evidence of Latin vehō, Sanskrit vahāmi, Russian везу. 12. Find in the text the OE adverb which is etymologically related to such verbs as OE eacan (MnE eke), Gothic aukan, Latin augere, Lithuanian augti “to glow”, and explain the phonetic correspondences between the cognates. 13. Find in the text the OE equivalent of the Latin verb vetāre “to prohibit”, and explain the phonetic correspondences between the two related forms. OLD ENGLISH PHONETICS 1. Compare the OE verb fēran with its Old Saxon counterpart forian and explain the root vowel difference between the two related forms. Reconstruct the hypothetical underlying form of the OE verb fēran. 2. What is the origin of the diphthongs in forbeah, Zeseah, wearð, sealde, sceaðan, aZeat, mildheortnesse, befēōll? 3. Find in the text the OE indefinite pronoun which is etymologically related to the OE pronominal adverb same (MnE pronoun same). Which grade of ablaut is represented in the OE pronoun used in the text? 4. Find in the text the OE equivalent of the Old Saxon verb giburian and explain the root vowel in the OE form. 5. How do you account for the absence of [h] in the infinitive of the OE verb sēōn and its presence in seah (the past singular form of the same verb)? 6. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Gothic form maiza and comment on the phonetic difference between the related forms. 7. Which of the verbs used in the text is related to the Gothic verb saljan? How do you account for the root vowel difference between the two cognates? Explain the doubling of [l] in the infinitive of the OE verb. OLD ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY 1. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Modern German pronominal form ihn and determine its case, number and gender. 2. Determine the stem-type of the OE noun man taking into account the way it forms the plural in Modern English. 3. Construct the four principal forms of the verb becuman used in the text. 4. What does the inflexion –an in sceaðan signify? What type of declension is exemplified by this noun? 5. Compare the OE weak verb fēran and the strong verb faran to describe the process by which the former was derived from the latter. (The Old Saxon equivalent of OE fēran is fōrian). 6. Compare þæt in the third line with its homonym in the fourth, and comment on the grammatical difference between the two homonymous forms. 7. State the case, number and gender of the noun form dæZe used in the text. 8. Find in the text the OE counterpart for the Modern English adverb also and explain the origin of the modern form. 9. Identify the tense, person and number of the verb form wrað (line 8). Give the infinitive of this verb. 10. Find in the text the OE equivalent of the Gothic verb satjan and determine its class. OLD ENGLISH SYNTAX 1. State the structural type of each sentence in the text under analysis. 2. Indicate word order in the sentences/clauses of the text using the following symbols: S – subject; P – predicate; O – object; Adv – adverbial modifier. 3. Determine the type of word order in the sentences/clauses of the text. 4. Comment on the function and meaning of the pronoun hit in the second sentence of the text. 5. Find in the text the sentence with the verb þyncan used in the meaning of “seem” and comment on the structure of the OE sentence and its later development. 6. Find in the text sentences with clauses introduced by þa; comment on differences in word order in such clauses. 7. Find in the text the complex sentence with a subordinate attributive clause and explain how relative patterns are constructed in OE. 8. Determine the type of each phrase in the first two sentences of the text. 9. In the opening sentence of the text identify the syntactic function of the following words: sum, ða, þa, samcucene. 10. Determine the syntactic function of each of the prepositional phrases used in the text. THE COMING OF THE ENGLISH St. Bede describes the coming of the English to Britain in his Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (A.D.731). Although it was written in Latin, the History was translated into Old English during the reign of King Alfred. The passage below is taken from that Old English version. Đa gesomnedon hi gemot and þeahtedon and ræddon, Then gathered they an assembly and deliberated and counseled, hwæt him to donne wære, hwær him wære fultum what for them to do might be, where for them might be help to secanne to gewearnienne and to wiðscufanne swa reðre hergunge to be sought to avoid and to shove back such fiercer raids and swa gelomlicre þara norðþeoda. And þa gelicode and such more frequent ones of the north people. And then it pleased him eallum mid heora cyninge, Wyrtgeorn wæs haten, them all together with their king ( Vortigern he was called) þæt hi Seaxna þeode ofer þam sælicum dælum him on fultum that they Saxons’ people beyond the sea parts to them in aid gecygdon and gelaðedon. Đæt cuð is þæt þæt mid Drithtnes mihte should call and invite. It known is that that by God’s might gestihtad wæs, þæt yfell wræc come ofer ða wiþcorenan, arranged was, that evil punishment should come upon the rejected ones, swa on þam ende þara wisena sweotolice ætywed is. as in the end of the events clearly shown is. Đa wæs ymb feower hund wintra and nigon and feowertig Then it was about four hundred years and nine and forty fram ures Drihtnes menniscnysse, þæt Martianus casere rice after our Lord’s incarnation, that Marcian Caesar the kingdom onfeng and VII gear hæfde. Se wæs syxta eac feowertigum fram received and seven years held. He was the sixth and forty from Agusto þam casere. Đa Angel þeod and Seaxna wæs gelaðod Augustus the Caesar. The Angle people and the Saxons’ was invited fram þam foresprecenan cyninge, and on Breotone com on þrim by the foresaid king, and into Britain came in three myclum scypum; and on eastdæle þyses ealondes eardungstowe great ships; and in the east part of this island a dwelling place ofeng þurh ðæs ylcan cyninges bebod, þe hi hider gelaðode, received through the same king’s decree, who them hither invited, þæt hi sceoldan for heora eðle compian and feohtan. And hi that they should for their native land strive and fight. And they sona compedon wið heora gewinnan, þe hi oft ær immediately fought with their enemies, who them often before norðan onhergedon; and Seaxan þa sige geslogan. Đa from the north had harassed; and the Saxons the victory won. Then sendan hi ham ærendracan and heton sent they home a messenger and commanded [him] secgan þysses landes wæstmbærnysse, and Brytta yrgþo. And to report this land’s fruitfulness, and the Britons’ cowardice. And hi þa sona hider sendon maran sciphere strengran wighena; they then immediatly hither sent a larger fleet of stronger warriors; and wæs unoferswiðendlic weorud, þa hi togædere geþeodde and it was an invincible host, when they together joined wæron. And him Bryttas sealdan and geafan eardungstowe betwih were. And them the Brittons granted and gave a dwelling place among him þæt hi for sibbe and hælo heora eðles campodon them that they for the peace and safety of their native land might fight and wunnon wið heora feondum, and hi him andlyfne and are and struggle with their enemies, and they them sustenance and revenue forgeafen for heora gewinne. Comon hi of þrim folcum, ðam allowed for their labour. Came they of three peoples, the strangestan Germanie, þæt of Seaxum and of Angle and of Geatum. strongest of Germanie, that of Saxons and of Angles and of Jutes. Of Geata fruman syndon Cantware, and Wihtsætan; þæt is seo ðeod Of Jutish origin are Kent-men, and Wight-settlers; that is the people þe Wiht þæt ealond oneardað. Of Seaxum, þæt is of ðam lande þe that Wight the island inhabit. Of Saxons, that is from the land that mon hateð Ealdseaxan, coman Eastseaxan and Suðseaxan and one calls Old Saxons, came East Saxons and South Saxons and Westseaxan. And of Engle coman Eastengle and Middelengle and West Saxons. And of Angles came East Angles and Middle Angles and Myrce and eall Norðhembra cynn; is þæt land ðe Angulus Mercians and all the Northumbrians’race; [it] is the land that Angeln is nemned, betwyh Geatum and Seaxum; is sæd of þære tide þe is named, between Jutes and Saxons; [it] is said from the time that hi ðanon gewiton oð to dæge, þæt hit weste wunige. Wæron ða they thence departed until today, that it deserted remains. Were the ærest heora latteowas and heretogan twegen gebroðra Hengest and first of their leaders and war-chiefs two brothers Hengest and Horsa. Hi wæron Wihtgylses suna, þæs fæder wæs Witta haten, Horsa. They were Wihtgils’ sons, whose father was Witta called, and þæs Wihta fæder wæs Woden nemned; of ðæs strynde and of that Wihta the father was Woden named; of that stock monigra mægða cyningcynn fruman lædde. Ne wæs ða ylding many tribes’ royal family [its] origin takes. Nor was then delay to þon þæt hi heapmælum coman maran weorod of þam ðeodum, þe before they in droves came, more bands of those peoples that we ær gemynegodon. And þæt folc, ðe hider com, ongan weaxan we before mentioned. And that people that hither came, began to wax and myclian to þan swiðe, þæt hi wæron on myclum ege þam and multiply so much that they were a great terror to the sylfan landbigengan ðe hi ær hider laðedon and cygdon. very natives that them before hither had invited and called. Æfter þissum hi þa geweredon to sumre tide wið Pehtum, After this they then were allied for a certain time with the Picts, þa hi ær þurh gefeoht feor adrifan. And þa wæron whom they before through battle far away had driven. And then were Seaxan secende intingan and towyrde heora gedales wið the Saxons seeking cause and opportunity for their breaking with Bryttas. Cyðdon him openlice and sædon, butan hi him the Britons. They informed them openly and said unless they them maran andlyfne sealdon, þæt hi woldan him sylfe niman and more sustenance gave, that they would for themselves take and hergian, þær hi hit findan mihton. And sona ða beotunge plunder where they it find might. And immediately the threat dædum gefyldon: bærndon and hergedon and slogan fram with deeds fulfilled: they burned and harried and slew from eastsæ oð westsæ; and him nænig wiðstod. Ne wæs ungelic the east sea to the west sea; and them none withstood. Nor was unlike wræcc þam ðe iu Chaldeas bærndon Hierusaleme the vengeance to that when formerly the Chaldees burned Jerusalem’s weallas and ða cynelican getimbro mid fyre fornaman for ðæs Godes walls and the royal building with fire destroyed for God’s folces synnum. people’s sins. |
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