Практикум по курсу “ история английского языка” учебно-методические материалы
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THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE An.894 On þys Zeare þæt wæs ymb twelf monað ðæs þe(2) hīe on þæm ēāst rice Zeweorc Zeworht hæfdon, Norþhymbre and EāstenZle hæfdon Ælfrede cyninZe āþas Zeseald (3), and EāstenZle foreZisla VI; and þēh, ofer þā trēōwa, swā oft swā þā ōþre herZas mid ealle heriZe ūt fōron(4), þonne fōron hīē, oþþe mid oþþe on heora healfe ān (5). Ond þā ZeZaderade Ælfred cyninZ his fierd, and fōr þæt hē Zewicode betwuh þæm twām herZum (6), þær þær hē nīēhst rymet hæfde, for wudu fæstenne ond for wæterfæstenne (7), swa þæt hē mehte æZperne Zeræcan, Zif hīē æniZne feld sēcan wolden (8). Đā fōron hīē siþþan æfter þæm wealda hlōþum ond flocrādum, bī swā hwaþerre efes swā hit þonne fierdlēās wæs (9). Ond hīē mon ēāc mid ōþrum floccum sōhte mæstra daZa ælce (10), oþþe on dæZ oþþe on niht, Ze of þære fierde, Zē ēāc of þæm burZum (11). Hæfde sē cyninZ his fierd on tū tōnumen, swā þæt hīē wæron simle healfe æt hām, healfe ūte(12), būtan þæm monnum þe þā burZa healdan scolden (13). Nē com sē here oftor eall ūte of þæm sētum þonne tuwwa(14); ōþre sīþe þā hīē ærest tō londe cōmon, ær sio fierd Zesamned wære, ōþre sīþe þā hīē of þæm sētum faran woldon(15). Đā hīē ZefēnZon micle herehyð, and þā woldon ferian norþweardes ofer Temese in on Eāstseaxe onZean þā scipu. Đā forrād sīō(16) fierd hīē(17) foran, and him wið(18) Zefeaht æt Fearnhamme, and þone here Zeflīēmde, and þā herehyþa āhreddon; and hīē fluZon ofer Temese būton ælcum forda, þā up bē Colne on ānne iggað. Đā besæt sīō fierd hīē þær ūtan þā hwīle þe hīē þær lenZest mete hæfdon(19); ac hī hæfdon þā hiora stemn Zesetenne(20), and hiora mete Zenotudne(21), and wæs sē cynZ þā þiderweardes on fære mid þære scire þe mid him fierdedon. Đā hē þā wæs þiderweardes, and sīō ōþeru fierd wæs hāmweardes, and ðā Deniscan sæton þær behindan(22); forþæm hiora cyninZ wæs Zewundod on þæm Zefeohte, þæt hī hine nē mehton ferian. Đā ZeZaderedon þā þē in Norphymbrum būZeað ond on EastenZlum sum hund scipa(23), ond fōron sūð ymbūtan, ond sum fēōwertiZ scipa norþ ymbūtan, ond ymbsæton ān Zeweorc on Defnascire be þære Norþsæ(24); ond þā þe sūð ymbūtan fōron, ymbsæton Exanceaster. Đā sē cynZ þæt hīērde, þā wende hē hine(26) west wið Exanceastres mid ealre þære fierde, būton swīþe Zewaldenum dæle ēāsteweardes þæs folces(26). Đā fōron forð oþþe hīē(27) cōmon tō LundenbyriZ, ond þā mid þæm burZwarum ond þæm fultume þe him westan cōm, fōron ēāst tō Bēāmfleote. Wæs Hæsten þā þær cumen mid his here, þe ær æt Middeltune sæt; ond ēāc sē micla here wæs þā þær tō(28) cumen, þe ær on Limene mūþan sæt æt Apuldre. Hæfde Hæsten ær Zeworht þæt Zeweorc æt Bēāmflēōte, ond wæs þā ūt āfaren on herZas, ond wæs sē micla here æt hām. Ðā fōron hīē(27) tō, ond Zefliemdon þone here, ond þæt Zeweorc ābræcon, ond Zenāmon eal þæt þærbinnan wæs, Ze on fēō Ze on wīfum, Ze ēāc on bearnum, ond brōhton eall tō LundenbyriZ; ond þā scipu eall oþþe tōbræcon oþþe forbærndon, oþþe tō LundenbyriZ brōhton, oþþe tō Hrōfeceastre(29); ond Hæstenes wīf ond his suna twēZen mon(30) brōhte tō þæm cyninZe, ond hē him eft āZeaf, for þæm þe hiora wæs ōþer Æðelrēdes ealdormonnes(31). Hæfdon hī hiora onfanZen(32) ær Hæsten to Bēāmflēōte cōme, ond hē him hæfde Zeseald Zīslas ond āðas; ond sē cynZ him ēāc wel feoh sealde, ond ēāc swā þā hē þone cniht āZef ond þæt wīf(33). Ac sōna swā hīē tō Bēāmflēōte cōmon, ond þæt Zeweorc Zeworht wæs, swā herZode hē his rīce, þonne ilcan ende þe Æþered his cumpæder healdan sceolde(34); ond eft ōþre sīþe hē wæs on herZað Zelend on þæt ilce rīce, þā þā mon his Zeweorc ābræc(35). Ðā sē cyninZ hine þā west wende mid þære fierde wið Exancestres(36), swā ic ær sæde, ond sē here þā burZ beseten(37) hæfde (þā hē þær tō Zefaren wæs(38)), þā ēōdon hīē tō hiora scipum. Ðā hē þā wið þone here þær west ābisZod wæs, ond þā herZas wæron þā ZeZaderode bēZen tō ScēōbyriZ on Eāstseaxum(40), ond þær Zeweorc worhtun(41), fōron bēZen ætZædere ūp be Temese; ond him cōm micel ēāca tō æZþer Ze of EāstenZlum Ze of Norþhymbrum (42), fōron þā ūp be Temese oþ þæt hīē Zedydon æt Sæferne(43); þā ūp be Sæferne. Ðā ZeZaderode Æþered ealdormon ond Æþelm ealdorman ond Æþelnōþ ealdorman ond þā cinZes þeZnas þe þā æt hām æt þæm Zeweorcum wæron, of ælcre byriZ be ēāstan Pedredan, Ze be westan Sēālwuda Ze be ēāstan, Ze ēāc be norþan Temese, ond be westan Sæfern, Ze ēāc sum dæl þæs Norðwēālcynnes(44). Ðā hīē þā ealle Ze Zaderode wæron, þā offōron hīē þone here hindan æt ButtinZtūne, on Sæferne staþe, ond hine (25) þær ūtan besæton on ælce healfe, on ānum fæstenne. Ðā hīē ðā fela wucena sæton on twā healfe þære ē, ond sē cynZ wæs west on Defnum wiþ þone sciphere(45), þā wæron hīē mid metelīēste ZewæZde, ond hæfdon miclne dæl þāra horsa freten, ond þā ōþre wæron hunZre ācwolen. Ðā ēōdon hīē ūt tō ðæm monnum þe on ēāsthealfe þære ē wīcodon, ond him wiþ Zefuhton; ond þā Crīstan hæfdon siZe. Ond þær wearð Ordhēh cyninZes þeZn ofslæZen, ond ēāc moniZe ōþre cyninZes þeZnas ofslæZan; ond þara Deniscra þær wearð swīþe mycel wæl ZesleZen(46); ond sē dæl þe þær āweZ cōm wurdon on flēāme Zenerede(47). Ðā hīē on Eāstseaxe cōmon tō hiora Zeweorce ond tō hiora scipum, þā ZeZaderade sīō lāf eft of EāstenZlum ond of Norðhymbrum micelne here onforan winter, ond befæston hira wīf ond hira feoh on EāstenZlum(48), ond fōron ānstreces(49) dæZes ond nihtes, þæt hīē Zedydon on ānre wēstre ceastre on Wīrhēālum, sēō is LēZaceaster Zehāten(50). Ðā ne mehte sēō fird hīē nā hindan offaran, ær hīē wæron inne on þæm Zeweorce(51), besæton þēāh þæt Zeweorc ūtan sume twēZen daZas, ond Zenāmon cēāpes eall þæt þær būton(52) wæs, ond þā men ofslōZon þe hīē foran forrīdan mehton būtan(52) Zeweorce, ond þæt corn eall forbærndon, ond mid hira horsum fretton on ælcre efenehðe. Ond þæt wæs ymb twelf mōnað þæs þe hīē hider ofer sæ cōmon. A.1013 On ðām æftran Zēāre þe sē arcebiscop wæs Zemartyrod, sē cyninZ Zesette Lyfine biscop tō CantwarabyriZ tō ðām arcestōle; and on þissum ylcan Zēāre, tōforan þām mōnðe Augustus, com SweZen cyninZ mid his flotan tō Sandwic, and wende þā swīðe raðe abūtan ĒāstenZlum into Humbra mūþan, and swā ūpweard andlanZ Trentan, ōð hē com tō Zenesburuh; and þā sōna beah(53) Uhtred eorl and ealle Norðhymbre tō him and eal þæt folc on LindesiZe, and siððan þæt folc into FīfburhinZum, and raðe þæs(54) eall here(55) bē norðan WætlinZa stræte, and him man sealde Zislas of ælcere scīre(56). Syððan hē underZeat(57) þæt eall folc him tō ZeboZen wæs(58), þā bēād(59) hē þæt man(60) sceolde his here mettian and horsian; and hē ðā wende(61) syþþan sūðweard mid fulre fyrde(62), and betæhte(63) þā scipu and ðā Zislas Cnute his suna; and syððan hē com ofer Wætlinga stræte, worhton þæt mæste yfel þæt æniZ here dōn mihte. Wende þā tō Oxenforda, and sēō buruhwaru sōna bēāh(53) and Zislude, and þanon tō Winceastre, and hī þæt ylce dydon. Wende(61) þā þanon ēāstwerd tō Lundene, and mycel his folces ādrang on Temese, forðām þe hī nānre bricZe nē cēpton. Đā hē tō ðære byriZ (64) com, þā nolde sēō burhwaru būZan ac heoldan mid fullan wiZe onZean, forðan þær wæs inne sē cynZ Æþelrēd and Đurkyl mid him. Đā wende SweZen cynZ þanon tō WealinZforda, and swā ofer Temese westweard tō Baþan, and sæt ðær mid his fyrde. And com Æþelmær ealdorman þyder, and þā westernan þeZnas(65) mid him, and buZon ealle tō SweZene, and hī Zisludon. Đā hē ðus Zefaren hæfde(66), wende þā norðweard tō his scipum, and eal þēōdscype hine hæfde þā for fulne cynZ; and sēō buruhwaru æfter ðām on Lundene bēāh(53) and Zislude, forðon hī ondrēdon(67) þæt hē hī fordōn(68) wolde. Đā wæs sē cyninZ Æþelrēd sume hwīle mid þæm flotan þe on Temese læZ(69), and sēō hlæfdiZe(70) Zewende þā ofer sæ tō hire brēðer Ricarde and sē cyninZ Zewende þā fram ðām flotan tō þām middanwintra(71) tō Wihtlande, and wæs ðær þā tīd; and æfter þære tīde wende ofer ðā sæ tō Ricarde and wæs ðær mid him oþ þone byre(72) þæt SweZen wearð dēād. NOTES 1. The “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” is a year-by-year record of important events. The exact date of its origin is unknown, but it was probably first compiled during the reign of King Alfred. Thereafter it was continued at various monasteries so that there are several different versions of the “Chronicle”. Among the extant manuscripts the “Parker Chronicle” is the earliest and the “Peterborough Chronicle” is the longest. The last entry, describing the death of King Stephen and the election of a new Abbot of Peterborough is for the year 1154. The most remarkable thing about the “Chronicle” is that it was written in English at a time when other historical writings throughout Europe were composed exclusively in Latin. However, an abbreviation “An”, standing for the Latin “annum” is used to introduce a new annual record. 2. ðæs ðe = when (после того как). 3. hæfdon… āþas Zeseald = had given oaths. 4. swā oft swā þā ōþre herZas mid ealle heriZe ūt fōron = as often as the other plunderers went out with all their army. 5. þonne fōron hīē oþþe mid, oþþe on heora healfe ān = then went they also, either with them, or in separate division (отправлялись они, чтобы либо объединиться с датчанами, высадившимися у Апплдора и Мильтона, либо выступить самостоятельно против Альфреда). 6. þæt hē Zewicode betwuh þæm twām herZum = so that he was encamped between the two hosts. 7. þær þær hē… for wæterfæstenne = where he occupied the nearest position from the stronghold in the forest (Appledore) and from the stronghold on the water (Milton). 8. Zif hīē æniZne feld sēcan wolden = if they would seek any field (если они появились бы на открытом пространстве). 8. a. xfter þxm wealda = in quest of the wood. 9. Ðā fōron hīē… fierdlēās wæs = Then they went forth in quest of the wood, troops and companies, wheresoever the country was then defendless (Затем они стали прочесывать лес небольшими отрядами там, где кромка леса не охранялась силами Альфреда). Efes s. ō-f. – eaves of a house, a brim, brink, edge, side; ME evese; MnE eaves|| Gth ubiZwa|| OFr ose|| OHG opasa. 10. mæsta daZa ælce = each of most days (почти ежедневно). 11. Ond hīē mon… of þæm burZum. = And almost every day other troops both from the army and also from the towns, went to attack them either by day or by night. The weakened unstressed form “mon” can be treated as an indefinite-personal pronoun. 12. healfe ūte = half on active service. 13. In “þā burZa healdan scolden” the verb “healdan” governs the Genitive case plural of the noun “burZ”(burh)”. 14. Nē com… þonne tuwwa = only twice did the host come out from the camps in full force. “Oftor” is a comparative of “oft”. 15. ōþre sīþe þā hīē ærest tō londe cōmon… faran woldon = once, when they first came to the land, before the forces were collected, and again, when they wished to depart from their stations. 16. sīō = sēō. 17. hīē = the Danish army. 18. him wið = wið him. 19. þā hwīle þe hīē þær lenZest mete hæfdon = as long they had food. 20. ac hī hæfdon þā hiora stemn Zesetenne = but they (the English force) had sat out their turn of service (но срок пребывания английского войска в наряде истек). “Stemn(=stefn)” ō-f. – a summons, citation carried by a mounted person|| Icel stefna. “Zesetenne”–p. II of the verb “sittan”. 21. “Zenotudne(=Zenotodne)” p. II of the verb “notian” (w.v.2 – to use, consume). 22. ond ðā Deniscan sæton þær behindan = and the Danes remained behind in their positions. 23. Ðā ZeZaderedon… sum hund scipa = Then collected together those that dwell in Northumbria and East-Anglia about a hundred ships. The subject, expressed by a demonstrative “þā”, refers to the Danes. “BūZeað” is the present tense plural of “būan” (anom.v.). 24. on Defnascīre be þære Norþsæ = in Devonshire on the Bristol Channel. 25. wende hē hine – in OE the personal pronoun was often used reflexively (cf. Russian направился). 26. wið Exanceastres… þæs folces = towards Exeter with all the army, except a very small part of the people of the east of England. “Zewalden (=Zewealden)” p. II – subject, under the power or control of any one; inconsiderable, small. 27. hīē = the Anglo-Saxons. 28. þær tō = thither. 29. Hrōfeceaster = Rochester. 30. “Mon” can be treated as an indefinite-personal pronoun. 31. for þæm þe hiora wæs… ealdormonnes = because one of them was his godson and the other was godson of elder-man Æthered. “For þæm þe” – a complex conjunction. 32. Hæfdon hī hiora onfanZen = they had stood sponsor for them. “OnfanZen” see “onfōn” (= to receive a person for protection). 33. ond ēāc swā… þæt wīf. = and he did likewise when he restored the boy and the lady. 34. swā herZode… healdan sceolde = he (Hæsten) went harrying in that very quarter of Alfred’s kingdom that his godfather Æthered had to rule over. 35. þā þā mon his Zeweorc ābræc = when his fort was stormed. See also Note 30. 36. See Note 25. 37. “Beseten” p. II of “besittan”. 38. Ðā hē þær tō Zefaren wæs = then he was marching thither. See also Note 28. 39. Ðā hē… ābisZod wæs = Then he (the king) was occupied against the host there in the west. 40. tō SceobyriZ on Ēāstseaxum = at Shoebury in Essex. 41. worhtun = worhton. 42. ond him cōm… of Norþhymbrum = and to them came great reinforcements both from East Anglia and from Northumbria. The preposition “tō” governs the Dative case form “him”. 43. oþ þæt hīē Zedydon æt Sæfern = until they reached the Severn. 44. be ēāstan Pedredan … Norðwēālcynnes = east of the Parret, both east and west of Selwood, and also north of the Thames and west of the Severn, together with a section of the Welsh. 45. ond sē cynZ wæs west on Defnum wið þone sciphere = and the king was occupied in Devon against the pirate host. 46. ond þāra Deniscra þær wearð swiðe mycel wæl ZesleZen = and very great slaughter was made there of the Danes. “Wæl” s. a-n. – all the slain in battle; ME wal || OHG wal || OSax wel || ON walr. 47. ond sē dæl… Zenerede = and the remnant that escaped were saved by flight. 48. ond befæston… on ĒāstenZlum = and placed their women, their ships and their property in safety in East Anglia 49. ānstreces (ān = one; streces = the Genitive of ‘strec’ – stretch) adv. – at one stretch, without an effort, continually. 50. þæt hīē… Zehāten = until they arrived at a deserted Roman site in Wirral called Chester, ‘Westre’ adj. – waste, deserted, desolate; || OSax wosti || OFr woste || OHG wuosti. 51. Ðā ne mehte… on þæm Zeweorce = The levies were unable to overtake them before they got inside that fort. 52. būton (be + ūton) adv. – outside || OS biutan || Du buiten. 53. ‘Beah’ is the pt indicative sg of ‘buZan’ (MnE bow || Lat fugere). 54. raðe þæs = soon after. 55. eall here = all the army. Unlike the previous occurrences, ‘here’ is used with reference to the native military force. 56. and him man sealde Zislas of ælcere scīre = and hostages were given him from each shire. See also Note 11. 57. underZeat See underZietan (pt sg underZeat, pt pl underZēāton, pt p underZieten). 58. eall folc him tō ZeboZen wæs = all the people were subject to him. ‘ZeboZen’. See Note 53. 59. ‘Bead’ is the past indicative singular of ‘beodan’ (str. v. 2 “to order”). 60. man. See Note 11. 61. wende. See wendan (w.v. 1). 62. fyrde. See fierd. 63. betæhte. See betæcan. 64. byriZ. See burh, burZ. 65. þaZen. See þeZn. 66. Ðā hē þus Zefaren hæfde = When he had thus settled all. ‘Zefaren’ is p. II of the verb ‘Zefaran’ (str.v. 6 “to reach, obtain, occupy”). 67. ‘Ondrēdon’ is the past indicative plural of ‘ondrædan’ (str.v. 7 “to dread, fear”; ME adreden; MnE dread). 68. fordōn anom. v. “destroy, kill”; ║ OS fardon ║Du vertun. 69. læZ see licZan. 70. hlæfdīZe s.n-f. “lady, mistress of the house”; ME lafdi; MnE lady. 71. tō þām middanwintra = about midwinter. Middanwinter s. u-m. “midwinter”. 72. oþ þone byre = until the time. Byre s. ja-m. “event, the time at which anything happens”. |
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